Psychische Probleme aufgrund männlicher Beschneidung: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen
Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „{{NYT en}} Male circumcision is a surgical amputation of the foreskin, which contains more than one-half of the erogenous epithelium of the penis.…“ |
K →Depression, rage, and grief in circumcised men: translated title |
||
| (3 dazwischenliegende Versionen desselben Benutzers werden nicht angezeigt) | |||
| Zeile 9: | Zeile 9: | ||
|last=Maimonides | |last=Maimonides | ||
|first=Moses | |first=Moses | ||
| | |init=M | ||
| | |author-link=Moses Maimonides | ||
|year=1963 | |year=1963 | ||
|title=The Guide of the Perplexed | |title=The Guide of the Perplexed | ||
| Zeile 36: | Zeile 34: | ||
There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{REFjournal | There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Gairdner | |last=Gairdner | ||
| | |init=DM | ||
|title=The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision | |title=The fate of the foreskin: a study of circumcision | ||
|journal=British Medical Journal | |journal=British Medical Journal | ||
| Zeile 67: | Zeile 65: | ||
|last=Levy | |last=Levy | ||
|first=David | |first=David | ||
|init=D | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 86: | Zeile 85: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Anna Freud, daughter | Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud, and a pioneer child psychologist read Levy's paper. She wrote (1952): | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
Ever since the discovery of the castration complex analysts have had ample opportunity in their therapeutic work to study the impact of surgical operations. on normal and abnormal development. By now it is common knowledge that surgical interference with the child's body may serve as the focal point for the activation, reactivation, grouping and rationalization of ideas of being attacked, overwhelmed and (or) castrated. … Ever since the discovery of the castration complex analysts have had ample opportunity in their therapeutic work to study the impact of surgical operations. on normal and abnormal development. By now it is common knowledge that surgical interference with the child's body may serve as the focal point for the activation, reactivation, grouping and rationalization of ideas of being attacked, overwhelmed and (or) castrated.<ref name="freud1952">{{REFjournal | Ever since the discovery of the castration complex analysts have had ample opportunity in their therapeutic work to study the impact of surgical operations. on normal and abnormal development. By now it is common knowledge that surgical interference with the child's body may serve as the focal point for the activation, reactivation, grouping and rationalization of ideas of being attacked, overwhelmed and (or) castrated. … Ever since the discovery of the castration complex analysts have had ample opportunity in their therapeutic work to study the impact of surgical operations. on normal and abnormal development. By now it is common knowledge that surgical interference with the child's body may serve as the focal point for the activation, reactivation, grouping and rationalization of ideas of being attacked, overwhelmed and (or) castrated.<ref name="freud1952">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Freud | |last=Freud | ||
|first=Anna | |first=Anna | ||
|init=A | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=The role of bodily illness in the mental life of children | |title=The role of bodily illness in the mental life of children | ||
| Zeile 108: | Zeile 108: | ||
|last=Cansever | |last=Cansever | ||
|first=Gocke | |first=Gocke | ||
|init=G | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 132: | Zeile 133: | ||
|last=Emde | |last=Emde | ||
|first=Robert M. | |first=Robert M. | ||
|init=RM | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Harmon | |last2=Harmon | ||
|first2=Robert J. | |first2=Robert J. | ||
|init2=RJ | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Metcalf | |last3=Metcalf | ||
|first3=David | |first3=David | ||
|init3=D | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|last4=Koenig | |last4=Koenig | ||
|first4=Kenneth L. | |first4=Kenneth L. | ||
|init4=KL | |||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|last5=Wagonfeld | |last5=Wagonfeld | ||
|first5=Samuel | |first5=Samuel | ||
|init5=S | |||
|author5-link= | |author5-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 168: | Zeile 174: | ||
The extent to which circumcision does contribute to gender differences in behavior during the neonatal period, or subsequently, obviously demands detailed and focused study. Most certainly, the published description of any sample using male neonates should indicate circumcision status. At present, with rare exception, this information does not appear in any account of subject characteristics.<ref>{{REFjournal | The extent to which circumcision does contribute to gender differences in behavior during the neonatal period, or subsequently, obviously demands detailed and focused study. Most certainly, the published description of any sample using male neonates should indicate circumcision status. At present, with rare exception, this information does not appear in any account of subject characteristics.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Richards | |last=Richards | ||
| | |init=MPM | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Bernal | |last2=Bernal | ||
| | |init2=JF | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Brackbill | |last3=Brackbill | ||
|first3=Yvonne | |first3=Yvonne | ||
|init3=Y | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 200: | Zeile 207: | ||
|last=Grimes | |last=Grimes | ||
|first=David A. | |first=David A. | ||
|init=DA | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 237: | Zeile 245: | ||
Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) tested cortisol and cortisone in the blood of newborn infants before and after circumcision. Dramatic increases in cortisol and a lesser increase in cortisone was recorded.<ref name="luther1976">{{REFjournal | Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) tested cortisol and cortisone in the blood of newborn infants before and after circumcision. Dramatic increases in cortisol and a lesser increase in cortisone was recorded.<ref name="luther1976">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Talbot | |last=Talbot | ||
| | |init=LM | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Kraybill | |last2=Kraybill | ||
| | |init2=EN | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Potter | |last3=Potter | ||
| | |init3=HD | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 265: | Zeile 273: | ||
Rawlins, Miller & Engel (1980) investigated the blood oxygen content after [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/unanesthetized unanesthetized] non-therapeutic circumcision. They reported that blood oxygen content decreased during non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, although it returned to baseline or above later.<ref name="rawlins-miller-engel1980">{{REFjournal | Rawlins, Miller & Engel (1980) investigated the blood oxygen content after [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/unanesthetized unanesthetized] non-therapeutic circumcision. They reported that blood oxygen content decreased during non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, although it returned to baseline or above later.<ref name="rawlins-miller-engel1980">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Rawlins | |last=Rawlins | ||
| | |init=DJ | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Miller | |last2=Miller | ||
| | |init2=PA | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Engel | |last3=Engel | ||
| | |init3=RR | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 293: | Zeile 301: | ||
Marshall ''et al''. (1980) tested newborn boys before and after plastibel circumcision. They reported that boys have a greater capacity for memory than previously believed, that infants behave differently after circumcision, that future researchers must consider and record the circumcision status of their subjects, and that boys might actually be feeling pain. They suggested that anesthesia by dorsal penile nerve block might be appropriate.<ref>{{REFjournal | Marshall ''et al''. (1980) tested newborn boys before and after plastibel circumcision. They reported that boys have a greater capacity for memory than previously believed, that infants behave differently after circumcision, that future researchers must consider and record the circumcision status of their subjects, and that boys might actually be feeling pain. They suggested that anesthesia by dorsal penile nerve block might be appropriate.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Marshall | |last=Marshall | ||
| | |init=RE | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Stratton | |last2=Stratton | ||
| | |init2=WC | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Moore | |last3=Moore | ||
| | |init3=JA | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=yes | |etal=yes | ||
| Zeile 322: | Zeile 330: | ||
|last=Gunnar | |last=Gunnar | ||
|first=Megan R. | |first=Megan R. | ||
|init=MR | |||
|author-link | |author-link | ||
|last2=Fisch | |last2=Fisch | ||
|first2=Robert O. | |first2=Robert O. | ||
|init2=RO | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Korsvik | |last3=Korsvik | ||
|first3=Sherry | |first3=Sherry | ||
|init3=S | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|last4=Donhowe | |last4=Donhowe | ||
|first4=John M. | |first4=John M. | ||
|init4=JM | |||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 352: | Zeile 364: | ||
Marshall ''et al''. (1982) studied the effect of circumcision on mother-child interaction (primarily breastmilk substitute feeding behavior) in a hospital setting. They reported: "The experimental group exhibited fewer intervals of uninterrupted feeding than did the control group."<ref name="marshall1982">{{REFjournal | Marshall ''et al''. (1982) studied the effect of circumcision on mother-child interaction (primarily breastmilk substitute feeding behavior) in a hospital setting. They reported: "The experimental group exhibited fewer intervals of uninterrupted feeding than did the control group."<ref name="marshall1982">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Marshall | |last=Marshall | ||
| | |init=RE | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Porter | |last2=Porter | ||
| | |init2=FL | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Rogers | |last3=Rogers | ||
| | |init3=AG | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|last4=Moore | |last4=Moore | ||
| | |init4=J | ||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|last5=Anderson | |last5=Anderson | ||
| | |init5=B | ||
|author5-link= | |author5-link= | ||
|last6=Boxerman | |last6=Boxerman | ||
| | |init6=SB | ||
|author6-link= | |author6-link= | ||
|etal=yes | |etal=yes | ||
| Zeile 391: | Zeile 403: | ||
The results showed that stimulating the newborn with the pacifier reduced crying by about 40%. Reducing crying, however, had no significant effect on adrenocortical response. Elevations of serum cortisol predicted average behavioral state following circumcision, whereas crying during circumcision did not. Furthermore, there was evidence that the neonatal adrenocortical system was sensitive in variations in surgical procedures. The results indicate the importance of obtaining data on both behavioral and hormonal systems in studies of stress and coping in human newborns.<ref name="gunnar1984">{{REFjournal | The results showed that stimulating the newborn with the pacifier reduced crying by about 40%. Reducing crying, however, had no significant effect on adrenocortical response. Elevations of serum cortisol predicted average behavioral state following circumcision, whereas crying during circumcision did not. Furthermore, there was evidence that the neonatal adrenocortical system was sensitive in variations in surgical procedures. The results indicate the importance of obtaining data on both behavioral and hormonal systems in studies of stress and coping in human newborns.<ref name="gunnar1984">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Gunnar | |last=Gunnar | ||
| | |init=MR | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Fisch | |last2=Fisch | ||
| | |init2=RO | ||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Malone | |last3=Malone | ||
| | |init3=S | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 420: | Zeile 432: | ||
|last=Porter | |last=Porter | ||
|first=Fran Lang | |first=Fran Lang | ||
|init=FL | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Miller | |last2=Miller | ||
|first2=Richard H. | |first2=Richard H. | ||
|init2=RH | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Marshall | |last3=Marshall | ||
|first3=Richard E. | |first3=Richard E. | ||
|init3=RE | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 448: | Zeile 463: | ||
|last=Porter | |last=Porter | ||
|first=Fran Lang | |first=Fran Lang | ||
|init=FL | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Porges | |last2=Porges | ||
|first2=Stephen W. | |first2=Stephen W. | ||
|init2=S | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Marshall | |last3=Marshall | ||
|first3=Richard E. | |first3=Richard E. | ||
|init3=RE | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 481: | Zeile 499: | ||
Glover (1929) reported a case in which the memory of a traumatic circumcision was repressed.<ref name="glover1929">{{REFjournal | Glover (1929) reported a case in which the memory of a traumatic circumcision was repressed.<ref name="glover1929">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Glover | |last=Glover | ||
| | |init=E | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|title=The ‘screening’ function of traumatic memories | |title=The ‘screening’ function of traumatic memories | ||
| Zeile 498: | Zeile 516: | ||
|last=Taddio | |last=Taddio | ||
|first=Anna | |first=Anna | ||
|init=A | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Goldbach | |last2=Goldbach | ||
|first2=Morton | |first2=Morton | ||
|init2=M | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Ipp | |last3=Ipp | ||
|first3=Moshe | |first3=Moshe | ||
|init3=M | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|last4=Stevens | |last4=Stevens | ||
|first4=Bonnie | |first4=Bonnie | ||
|init4=B | |||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|last5=Koren | |last5=Koren | ||
|first5=Gideon | |first5=Gideon | ||
|init5=G | |||
|author5-link= | |author5-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 541: | Zeile 564: | ||
|last=Taddio | |last=Taddio | ||
|first=Anna | |first=Anna | ||
|init=A | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Katz | |last2=Katz | ||
|first2=Joel | |first2=Joel | ||
|init2=J | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|last3=Ilersich | |last3=Ilersich | ||
|first3=A Lane | |first3=A. Lane | ||
|init3=AL | |||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|last4=Koren | |last4=Koren | ||
|first4=Gideon | |first4=Gideon | ||
|init4=G | |||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 573: | Zeile 600: | ||
|last=Chamberlain | |last=Chamberlain | ||
|first=David | |first=David | ||
|init=D | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 595: | Zeile 623: | ||
|last=Ramos | |last=Ramos | ||
|first=Samuel | |first=Samuel | ||
|init=S | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Boyle | |last2=Boyle | ||
|first2=Gregory | |first2=Gregory J. | ||
|author2-link= | |init2=GJ | ||
|author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle | |||
|year=2001 | |year=2001 | ||
|title=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder | |title=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder | ||
| Zeile 620: | Zeile 650: | ||
A traumatic experience is defined in DSM-IV as the direct consequence of experiencing or witnessing of serious injury or threat to physical integrity that produces intense fear, helplessness or (in the case of children) agitation (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The significant pain and distress described earlier is consistent with this definition. Moreover, the disturbance (e.g., physiological arousal, avoidant behaviour) qualifies for a diagnosis of acute stress disorder if it lasts at least two days or even a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if it lasts more than a month. Circumcision without anaesthesia constitutes a severely traumatic event in a child's life.<ref name="boyle2002">{{REFjournal | A traumatic experience is defined in DSM-IV as the direct consequence of experiencing or witnessing of serious injury or threat to physical integrity that produces intense fear, helplessness or (in the case of children) agitation (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The significant pain and distress described earlier is consistent with this definition. Moreover, the disturbance (e.g., physiological arousal, avoidant behaviour) qualifies for a diagnosis of acute stress disorder if it lasts at least two days or even a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) if it lasts more than a month. Circumcision without anaesthesia constitutes a severely traumatic event in a child's life.<ref name="boyle2002">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Boyle | |last=Boyle | ||
|first=Gregory J | |first=Gregory J. | ||
|init=GJ | |||
|author-link=Gregory Boyle | |author-link=Gregory Boyle | ||
|last2=Goldman | |last2=Goldman | ||
|first2=Ronald | |first2=Ronald | ||
|init2=R | |||
|author2-link=Ronald Goldman | |author2-link=Ronald Goldman | ||
|last3=Svoboda | |last3=Svoboda | ||
|first3=J. Steven | |first3=J. Steven | ||
|init3=JS | |||
|author3-link=J. Steven Svoboda | |author3-link=J. Steven Svoboda | ||
|last4=Fernandez | |last4=Fernandez | ||
|first4=Ephrem | |first4=Ephrem | ||
|init34=E | |||
|author4-link= | |author4-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 658: | Zeile 692: | ||
|last=van der Kolk | |last=van der Kolk | ||
|first=Bessell | |first=Bessell | ||
|init=B | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 708: | Zeile 743: | ||
|last=Rhinehart | |last=Rhinehart | ||
|first=John W. | |first=John W. | ||
|init=JW | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 733: | Zeile 769: | ||
|last=Goldman | |last=Goldman | ||
|first=Ronald | |first=Ronald | ||
|init=R | |||
|author-link=Ronald Goldman | |author-link=Ronald Goldman | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 765: | Zeile 802: | ||
|last=Brown | |last=Brown | ||
|first=Mark S. | |first=Mark S. | ||
|init=MS | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Brown | |last2=Brown | ||
|first2=Cheryl A. | |first2=Cheryl A. | ||
|init2=CA | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 788: | Zeile 827: | ||
|last=Rediger | |last=Rediger | ||
|first=Chris | |first=Chris | ||
|init=C | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Muller | |last2=Muller | ||
|first2=Andries J. | |first2=Andries J. | ||
|init2=AJ | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 830: | Zeile 871: | ||
|last=LeBourdais | |last=LeBourdais | ||
|first=Eleanor | |first=Eleanor | ||
|init=E | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|etal=No | |etal=No | ||
| Zeile 860: | Zeile 902: | ||
|last=Goldman | |last=Goldman | ||
|first=Ronald | |first=Ronald | ||
|init=R | |||
|author-link=Ronald Goldman | |author-link=Ronald Goldman | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 879: | Zeile 922: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
==Depression, | == Depression, Wut und Trauer bei beschnittenen Männern == | ||
Circumcised men historically have protected their feelings by denying that they have lost anything. | Circumcised men historically have protected their feelings by denying that they have lost anything. | ||
| Zeile 885: | Zeile 928: | ||
Research done since the 1960's forward to the present day has elucidated the nature, functions, and purpose of the [[foreskin]]. Circumcised men are learning what they have lost from the Internet, so they are less able to maintain the ego defense of denial of loss,<ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal | Research done since the 1960's forward to the present day has elucidated the nature, functions, and purpose of the [[foreskin]]. Circumcised men are learning what they have lost from the Internet, so they are less able to maintain the ego defense of denial of loss,<ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Watson | |last=Watson | ||
|first=Lindsay | |first=Lindsay R. | ||
|author-link= | |init=LR | ||
|author-link=Lindsay R. Watson | |||
|last2=Golden | |last2=Golden | ||
|first2=Tom | |first2=Tom | ||
|init2=T | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 922: | Zeile 967: | ||
|last=Maguire | |last=Maguire | ||
|first=Peter | |first=Peter | ||
|init=P | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Parkes | |last2=Parkes | ||
|first2=Colin Murray | |first2=Colin Murray | ||
|init2=CM | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 992: | Zeile 1.039: | ||
|last=Bollinger | |last=Bollinger | ||
|first=Dan | |first=Dan | ||
|init=D | |||
|author-link=Dan Bollinger | |author-link=Dan Bollinger | ||
|last2=Van Howe | |last2=Van Howe | ||
|first2=Robert S. | |first2=Robert S. | ||
|init2=RS | |||
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe | |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe | ||
|etal=no | |etal=no | ||
| Zeile 1.017: | Zeile 1.066: | ||
|last=Frisch | |last=Frisch | ||
|first=Morten | |first=Morten | ||
|init=M | |||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
|last2=Simonsen | |last2=Simonsen | ||
|first2=Jacob | |first2=Jacob | ||
|init2=J | |||
|author2-link= | |author2-link= | ||
|etal=yes | |etal=yes | ||
| Zeile 1.127: | Zeile 1.178: | ||
[[Kategorie:Beschneidung]] | [[Kategorie:Beschneidung]] | ||
[[Kategorie: | [[Kategorie:Beschneidungsrisiko]] | ||
[[Kategorie:Psychologie]] | |||
[[Kategorie:Risiken und Komplikationen]] | [[Kategorie:Risiken und Komplikationen]] | ||
[[en:Psychological issues of male circumcision]] | [[en:Psychological issues of male circumcision]] | ||