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created from English page; NYT
{{NYT en}}
[[File:Flag_of_China.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a very large advanced, prosperous nation in East Asia. The population is about 1.4 billion, which makes it second only to [[India]] in population. In land area, it is the third largest nation on Earth.
The three main religions are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.<ref name="RIC">{{URLwikipedia|Religion_in_China|Religion in China}}</ref> None of these religions have a tradition or a requirement for [[circumcision]] of boys, so China does not have a tradition of circumcision except for the small minority of Muslims who live in the northwest corner of China (Xinjiang) who adhere to the teachings of [[Islam]]. The adherents to Islam constitute only 0.45% to 1.8% of the population.<ref name="RIC" />
There is no tradition of [[circumcision]] in China. Early infant male circumcision (EIMC) is very rare. Pan et al. (2012) reported that [[adult circumcision| circumcisions are done later]] when needed to treat tight [[foreskin]], so the incidence of [[circumcision]] of the newborn is only 2.66 percent.<ref name="SCMP2024>{{REFjournal
|last=Pan
|first=
|init=L
|author-link=
|last2=Zhang
|first2=
|init2=A
|author2-link=
|last3=Shen
|first3=
|init3=R
|author3-link=
|last4=Wang
|first4=
|init4=Z
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Acceptability of early infant male circumcision among Chinese parents: strategy implications of HIV prevention for china
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMC Public Health
|location=
|date=2012-09-04
|volume=12
|issue=
|article=738
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549833/pdf/1471-2458-12-738.pdf
|archived=
|quote=China lacks the history and cultural norms endorsing circumcision.
|pubmedID=22946988
|pubmedCID=3549833
|DOI=10.1186/1471-2458-12-738
|doi=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2024-03-21
}}</ref> The percentage of [[circumcised]] males in China (prevalence) is reported to be 14%.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://circstatistics.github.io/
|title=Global Circumcision Statistics and Estimates
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=https://circstatistics.github.io
|date=2024-04-01
|accessdate=2024-04-01
}}</ref>
==Promotion of male circumcision in China==
Anecdotal evidence reports there are many posters seen in China which promote the practice of circumcision.
===Use of HIV to promote circumcision in China===
Circumcision has been falsely claimed to prevent [[infection]] with [[HIV]] by three African randomized controlled trials (RCTs). [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> Regardless of these findings, Chinese medical doctors seem to be pushing for adoption of circumcision to prevent [[HIV]] infection. Numerous papers in the Chinese medical literature advocate circumcision to prevent HIV infection among both heterosexuals and homosexuals.
{{Population-based studies}}
Zhang (2024) reported the cost of each circumcision surgery in [[China]] to be US$270-US$540,<ref name="scmp2024">{{REFnews
|title=‘Sexual shame’: China holds online professional circumcision contest to correct misconceptions, promote positive attitudes, levels of acceptance
|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3254592/sexual-shame-china-holds-online-professional-circumcision-contest-correct-misconceptions-promote
|last=Zhang
|first=Zoey
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=South China Morning Post
|website=
|date=2024-03-18
|season=
|accessdate=2024-03-21
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> so physician compensation may be the actual leading indication for circumcision in China.
===Circumcision contest===
A urological group recently staged a circumcision contest to promote the practice of circumcision.<ref name="scmp2024" />
==Shang Ring==
The [[Shang Ring]] circumcision device is manufactured in China. Cheng et al. (2014) report it has been "used for over 600 000 males in China since 2006."<ref name="cheng2014">{{REFjournal
|last=Cheng
|first=
|init=F
|author-link=
|last2=Lü
|first2=
|init2=N
|author2-link=
|last3=Xu
|first3=
|init3=H
|author3-link=
|last4=Barone
|first4=
|init4=MA
|author4-link=
|etal=yes
|title=[Clinical studies of shang ring male circumcision in China and Africa]
|trans-title=
|language=Chinese
|journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue
|location=
|date=2014-04
|volume=20
|issue=4
|article=
|page=
|pages=291-8
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=24873152
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2024-03-23
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Chinese circumcision contest]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|China|China}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Aids expert sceptical about benefits of male circumcision
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-10-12_scmp.ph
|last=Lim
|first=Lina
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=South China Morning Post
|website=
|date=2007-10-12
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=Recent studies have shown no evidence that male circumcision lessened the spread of HIV, a leading expert on the disease says.
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:China]]
[[en:China]]
[[File:Flag_of_China.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of the People's Republic of China]]
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a very large advanced, prosperous nation in East Asia. The population is about 1.4 billion, which makes it second only to [[India]] in population. In land area, it is the third largest nation on Earth.
The three main religions are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.<ref name="RIC">{{URLwikipedia|Religion_in_China|Religion in China}}</ref> None of these religions have a tradition or a requirement for [[circumcision]] of boys, so China does not have a tradition of circumcision except for the small minority of Muslims who live in the northwest corner of China (Xinjiang) who adhere to the teachings of [[Islam]]. The adherents to Islam constitute only 0.45% to 1.8% of the population.<ref name="RIC" />
There is no tradition of [[circumcision]] in China. Early infant male circumcision (EIMC) is very rare. Pan et al. (2012) reported that [[adult circumcision| circumcisions are done later]] when needed to treat tight [[foreskin]], so the incidence of [[circumcision]] of the newborn is only 2.66 percent.<ref name="SCMP2024>{{REFjournal
|last=Pan
|first=
|init=L
|author-link=
|last2=Zhang
|first2=
|init2=A
|author2-link=
|last3=Shen
|first3=
|init3=R
|author3-link=
|last4=Wang
|first4=
|init4=Z
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Acceptability of early infant male circumcision among Chinese parents: strategy implications of HIV prevention for china
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BMC Public Health
|location=
|date=2012-09-04
|volume=12
|issue=
|article=738
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549833/pdf/1471-2458-12-738.pdf
|archived=
|quote=China lacks the history and cultural norms endorsing circumcision.
|pubmedID=22946988
|pubmedCID=3549833
|DOI=10.1186/1471-2458-12-738
|doi=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2024-03-21
}}</ref> The percentage of [[circumcised]] males in China (prevalence) is reported to be 14%.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://circstatistics.github.io/
|title=Global Circumcision Statistics and Estimates
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=https://circstatistics.github.io
|date=2024-04-01
|accessdate=2024-04-01
}}</ref>
==Promotion of male circumcision in China==
Anecdotal evidence reports there are many posters seen in China which promote the practice of circumcision.
===Use of HIV to promote circumcision in China===
Circumcision has been falsely claimed to prevent [[infection]] with [[HIV]] by three African randomized controlled trials (RCTs). [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> Regardless of these findings, Chinese medical doctors seem to be pushing for adoption of circumcision to prevent [[HIV]] infection. Numerous papers in the Chinese medical literature advocate circumcision to prevent HIV infection among both heterosexuals and homosexuals.
{{Population-based studies}}
Zhang (2024) reported the cost of each circumcision surgery in [[China]] to be US$270-US$540,<ref name="scmp2024">{{REFnews
|title=‘Sexual shame’: China holds online professional circumcision contest to correct misconceptions, promote positive attitudes, levels of acceptance
|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3254592/sexual-shame-china-holds-online-professional-circumcision-contest-correct-misconceptions-promote
|last=Zhang
|first=Zoey
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=South China Morning Post
|website=
|date=2024-03-18
|season=
|accessdate=2024-03-21
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> so physician compensation may be the actual leading indication for circumcision in China.
===Circumcision contest===
A urological group recently staged a circumcision contest to promote the practice of circumcision.<ref name="scmp2024" />
==Shang Ring==
The [[Shang Ring]] circumcision device is manufactured in China. Cheng et al. (2014) report it has been "used for over 600 000 males in China since 2006."<ref name="cheng2014">{{REFjournal
|last=Cheng
|first=
|init=F
|author-link=
|last2=Lü
|first2=
|init2=N
|author2-link=
|last3=Xu
|first3=
|init3=H
|author3-link=
|last4=Barone
|first4=
|init4=MA
|author4-link=
|etal=yes
|title=[Clinical studies of shang ring male circumcision in China and Africa]
|trans-title=
|language=Chinese
|journal=Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue
|location=
|date=2014-04
|volume=20
|issue=4
|article=
|page=
|pages=291-8
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=24873152
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=
|accessdate=2024-03-23
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Chinese circumcision contest]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|China|China}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Aids expert sceptical about benefits of male circumcision
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-10-12_scmp.ph
|last=Lim
|first=Lina
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=South China Morning Post
|website=
|date=2007-10-12
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=Recent studies have shown no evidence that male circumcision lessened the spread of HIV, a leading expert on the disease says.
}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:China]]
[[en:China]]