Änderungen

}}</ref>

|last=Fleiss

|first=Paul M.

|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss

|year=1999

|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ljZZ9ZvD_kQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA379&ots=GA2KpzMECk&sig=jFqDYQhV0sqAWil6LDZWXnQdJO8#v=onepage&q&f=false

|work=Male and Female Circumcision:

|pages=379-401

|location=New York

|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

|isbn=0-306-46131-5

|accessdate=2020-08-07

}}</ref>

Bossio et al. (2014) conducted a comprehensive review of the circumcision literature. They reported that most research was concentrated on finding a benefit for non-therapeutic circumcision and there were large gaps in the knowledge of the sexual health correlates of male circumcision, including:

* penile sensation

To carry out the recommendations of the authors it would be necessary to violate the [[human rights]] of more boys who would be permanently injured by non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] and the loss of the multi-functional [[foreskin]].

Medical trade associations exist to protect and advance the financial and business interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of sexual, psychological, human rights, ethical, and legal issues, and the anatomy and functions of the foreskin.<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal

|last=Goldman

One should draw a distinction between non-US statements and US statements.

[[File:Flag_of_Australia.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of Australia]]

The [https://www.racp.edu.au Royal Australasian College of Physicians] (2010) released a 28-page updated position statement on non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in September 2010. This statement is deeply flawed and outmoded in 2020. It seems to be designed to protect the physicians' income from performing non-therapeutic circumcision. The statement accepts at face value the false, now disproved,<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref> claims that circumcision reduces the risk of [[HIV]] by 60 percent. The statement shows only limited understanding of the functions of the foreskin. While it recognizes the protective function, it does not recognize the immunological function or sexual function, and shows only limited understanding of the erogenous function. The RACP places parental preference above child human rights. Nevertheless, public hospitals in [[Australia]] have banned performance of non-therapeutic circumcisions<ref>{{REFnews

}}

[[File:Flag_of_Canada.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of Canada]]

The [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2015) issued a new statement regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of boys. This statement was prompted by the three seriously flawed [[HIV]] studies of adult males in Africa, that have now been disproved,<ref name="boyle-hill2011"/> and caused the retirement of the excellent previous 1996 statement.<ref name="cps1996">{{REFjournal

}}

[[File:Flag_of_Netherlands.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of The Netherlands]]

The [https://www.knmg.nl Royal Dutch Medical Association] {KNMG) published a statement regarding the non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of male minors in 2010. The Netherlands is a nation where [[human rights]] are respected,<ref name="smith1998">{{REFweb

|date=2010-05-27

|accessdate=2020-07-31

|format=PDF

}}

|accessdate=2020-08-03

}}

The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.

|accessdate=2020-08-02

}}

The [https://www.acog.org American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists] (ACOG) endorsed the 2012 AAP statement even before it had been published. It promptly put its own statement on its website citing the now expired AAP statement and subtly promoting non-therapeutic male circumcision to expectant mothers. It still cites the AAP statement although that statement expired in 2017.

|accessdate=2020-08-03

}}

The [https://www.aafp.org/home.html American Academy of Family Physicians] continues to promote non-therapeutic male circumcision. The AAFP report is based on the now discredited 2012 AAP statement. It touts prevention of [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI), but fails to advise that UTI is easily treatable with antibiotics if it should occur. The AAFP gives no information on the multiple functions and value of the foreskin. It fails to state that circumcision of the newborn is a medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of a valuable body part that leaves a life-long injury and impairment of function.