Änderungen

{{NYT en}}In the long history of genital mutilation aka der langen Geschichte der Genitalverstümmelung alias [[foreskinVorhaut]] -[[amputationAmputation]] aka alias [[circumcisionBeschneidung]]gab es viele angebliche Gründe, there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a warum dies ein ''medical proceduremedizinischer Eingriff''sein sollte. Please note that some of the alleged medical reasons are rather pseudo-hygienical reasons which should never be solved by cutting off intact body partsBitte beachte, dass einige der angeblichen medizinischen Gründe eher pseudohygienische Gründe sind, die niemals durch das Abschneiden intakter Körperteile gelöst werden sollten.

* Clubfoot - 1875: Dreck unter der [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. SayreVorhaut]]<ref name="Sayre1875">{{REFjournal |last=Sayre |first=Lewis A. |init=LA |author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre |title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs |journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association |date=1875 |volume=26 |issue= |pages=255-274}}</ref>* Crossed eyes - 1886: [[William G. Eggleston]]<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}</ref>* Curvature of the spine - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>* Dirt under the [[foreskin]] in newborns bei Neugeborenen - 1941: [[Alan F. Guttmacher]]<ref name="Guttmacher1941">{{REFjournal

* Epilepsy Epilepsie - 1902: [[Roswell Park]]<ref name="Park1902">{{Park1902}}</ref>* [[Masturbation]] (females) Klumpfuß - 1918 1875: [[Belle CLewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. EskridgeSayre]]<ref name="Eskridge1918Sayre1875">{{Eskridge1918REFjournal |last=Sayre |first=Lewis A. |init=LA |author-link=Lewis Albert Sayre |title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs |trans-title=Spinale Anämie mit partieller Lähmung und Koordinationsmangel durch Reizung der Geschlechtsorgane |language=Englisch |journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association |date=1875 |volume=26 |issue= |pages=255-274}}</ref>* Lähmung der Blase - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>* [[Masturbation]] (malesmännlich) - 1891: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal

* [[Masturbation]] (newbornsNeugeborene) - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{MillerSnyder1953}}</ref>* Neuroses [[Masturbation]] (weiblich) - 1918 [[Belle C. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918">{{Eskridge1918}}</ref>* Neurosen (femalesweiblich) - 1915: [[Benjamin E. Dawson]]<ref name="Dawson1915">{{Dawson1915}}</ref>* Paralysis of the bladder Rückgratverkrümmung - 1875: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre1875"/>* Schielen - 1886: [[William G. Eggleston]]<ref name="Eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}</ref>

In Im Jahr 1958, sagte [[Christine F. McDonald]] said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female: „Die gleichen Gründe, die für die Beschneidung von Männern gelten, sind allgemein gültig, wenn man sie für die weibliche Personen betrachtet."“<ref name="McDonald1958">{{McDonald1958}}</ref>

In 1966, behaupteten Masters and und Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference fälschlicherweise, dass es keinen Unterschied in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskinder Empfindlichkeit zwischen Penissen mit und ohne Vorhaut gebe.: ({{NOTE}} Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decadesIhre Arbeit trägt dazu bei, dass das medizinische Dogma, dass die Beschneidung keinen Einfluss auf die Sexualität hat, für die nächsten vier Jahrzehnte praktisch unbestritten bleibt.)<ref name="MastersJohnson1966">{{REFbook

* Adiposity by relieving psychosomatic factors Adipositas durch Linderung psychosomatischer Faktoren - 1959: [[W. G. Rathmann]]<ref name="Rathmann1959">{{Rathmann1959}}</ref>* [[ClitorisHIV]] (bei Frauen nach [[FGM]] easier findable by husband ) - 19592005: [[WR. GY. RathmannStallings]]<ref name="Rathmann1959Stallings2005">{{Stallings2005}}</ref>* [[HIVKlitoris]] (in women after FGM) leichter auffindbar durch den Ehemann - 20051959: [[RW. YG. StallingsRathmann]]<ref name="Stallings2005Rathmann1959">{{Stallings2005}}</ref>

* Abdominal neuralgia Augenprobleme, angeblich durch [[Masturbation]] verursacht - 1881: [[Maximillian Landesberg]]<ref name="Landesberg1881">{{Landesberg1881}}</ref>* Bauchneuralgie - 1879: [[H. H. Kane]]<ref name="Kane1879">{{Kane1879}}</ref>* Bed wetting Bettnässen - 1873: [[Joseph Bell]]<ref name="Bell1873">{{Bell1873}}</ref>, 1930: [[Norton Henry Bare]]<ref name="Bare1930">{{Bare1930}}</ref>* Blindness Blindheit - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890">{{REFjournal

* Deafness Dummheit - 1890: [[William D. Gentry]]<ref name="Gentry1890"/>* Dumbness Empfindlichkeit des Organs - 18901901: [[William DErnest G. GentryMark]]<ref name="Gentry1890Mark1901"/>* Epilepsy Epilepsie - 1865: [[Nathaniel Heckford]]<ref name="Heckford1865">{{Heckford1865}}</ref>, 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 epilepsy">{{REFjournal

* Eye problems believed to be caused by [[masturbation]] Harninkontinenz - 18811894: [[Maximillian LandesbergH. L. Rosenberry]]<ref name="Landesberg1881Rosenberry1894">{{Landesberg1881}}</ref>* Immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness Immunität gegen fast alle körperlichen und seelischen Erkrankungen - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>* [[Masturbation]] (newbornsNeugeborene) - 1953: [[Richard L. Miller]] and [[Donald C. Snyder]]<ref name="MillerSnyder1953"/>* Neuroses Nächtliche Samenergüsse (females) - 1915: [[Benjamin Ed.h.. Dawson]]<ref name="Dawson1915feuchte Träume"/>* Nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1836: [[Claude François Lallemand]]<ref name="Lallemand">{{Lallemand1836}}</ref>, 1879: [[H.H. Kane]]<ref name="Kane1879"/>* Rectal incontinence Neurosen (weiblich) - 18941915: [[HBenjamin E. L. RosenberryDawson]]<ref name="Rosenberry1894Dawson1915">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>* Sensitiveness of the organ Rektale Inkontinenz - 19011894: [[Ernest GH. L. MarkRosenberry]]<ref name="Mark1901Rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>* Urinary incontinence Taubheit - 18941890: [[HWilliam D. L. RosenberryGentry]]<ref name="Rosenberry1894Gentry1890"/>

* Cancer of the bladder Blasenkrebs - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971">{{Ravich1971}}</ref>* Cancer of the rectum Darmkrebs - 1971: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1971"/>* Cancer of the tongue - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal |last=Hand |first=Eugene H. |init=EH |author-link=Eugene H. Hand |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/ |title=Circumcision and venereal disease |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology |date=1949-09 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages341-6 |pubmedID=18135844 |DOI=10.1001/archderm.1949.01530030037004 |accessdate=2021-10-08}}</ref>* [[Cervical cancerGebärmutterhalskrebs]] (womenFrauen) - 1951: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>, 1954: [[Ernest L. Wynder]]<ref name="Wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>* [[HIV]] (in women after bei Frauen nach [[FGM]]) - 2005: [[R. Y. Stallings]]<ref name="Stallings2005"/>* [[HIV]] -'vaccineImpfung' - 2007: [[Robert C. Bailey]]<ref name="Bailey2007">{{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}</ref>* Inchastity Unkeuschheit - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal

* [[Masturbation]] (females) Empfindlichkeit - 19181935: [[Belle CR. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>* [[Masturbation]] (males) - 1845: [[Edward HW. DixonCockshut]]<ref name="DixonCockshut1935">{{Dixon1845}}</ref>, 18711941: [[M. JAlan F. MosesGuttmacher]] (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871Guttmacher1941">{{Moses1871}}</ref>, 1888: [[John Harvey Kellogg]] (as punishment)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref>, 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{Fishbein1969}}</ref>* Neonatal group B streptococcal disease Freude am Sex - 19881900: [[Aaron J. FinkJonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Fink1988Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal |last=FinkHutchinson |first=Aaron J.Jonathan |init=AJJ |author-link=Aaron J. FinkJonathan Hutchinson |title=The advantages of circumcision |trans-title=Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal diseaseDie Vorteile der Beschneidung |language=Englisch |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Polyclinic |date=19881900-0809 |volume=1593 |issue=29 |pages=534129-535131

* Nervousness Geschlechtskrankheit - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949"/>* [[Masturbation]] (männlich) - 1845: [[Edward H. Dixon]]<ref name="Dixon">{{Dixon1845}}</ref>, 1871: [[M. J. Moses]] (for Jews)<ref name="Moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref>, 1888: [[John Harvey Kellogg]] (als Bestrafung)<ref name="Kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref>, 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969">{{Fishbein1969}}</ref>* [[Masturbation]] (weiblich) - 1918: [[Belle C. Eskridge]]<ref name="Eskridge1918"/>* Nervosität - 1969: [[Morris Fishbein]]<ref name="Fishbein1969"/>* [[penile cancerPeniskrebs]] - 1926: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1926">{{REFjournal

* Pleasure of sex - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900">{{REFjournal |last=Hutchinson |first=Jonathan |init=J |author-link=Jonathan Hutchinson |title=The advantages of circumcision |journal=The Polyclinic |date=1900-09 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=129-131}}</ref>* [[Prostate cancerProstatakrebs]] - 1942: [[Abraham Ravich]]<ref name="Ravich1942">{{Ravich1942}}</ref>* Raping whites - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino]] (for Blacks)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal |last=Remondino |init=PC |author-link=Peter Charles Remondino |title=Negro rapes and their social problems |journal=National Popular Review |date=1894-01 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3-6}}</ref>* Sand from getting into the soldiers' davon abhalten, in die [[foreskinVorhaut]]s der Soldaten zu gelangen - 1991: [[Aaron J. Fink]]<ref name="Fink1991">{{REFjournal

* Sensitivity - 1935: [[R. W. Cockshut]]<ref name="Cockshut1935"/>, 1941: [[Alan F. Guttmacher]]<ref name="Guttmacher1941"/>* Sexual immorality Sexuelle Unmoral - 1900: [[Jonathan Hutchinson]]<ref name="Hutchinson1900"/>* Spinal paralysis Spinale Lähmung - 1870: [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Lewis A. Sayre]]<ref name="Sayre 1870 spinal paralysis">{{REFjournal

* Tuberculosis Tuberkulose - 1914: [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]]<ref name="Wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal

* [[UTI]] ([[urinary tract infectionHarnweginfektion]]sen) - 1985: [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]<ref name="Wiswell1985">{{REFjournal

* Venereal disease Vergewaltigen von Weißen - 1894: [[Peter Charles Remondino]] (für Schwarze)<ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal |last=Remondino |init=PC |author-link=Peter Charles Remondino |title=Negro rapes and their social problems |trans-title=Negervergewaltigungen und ihre sozialen Probleme |language=Englisch |journal=National Popular Review |date=1894-01 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3-6}}</ref>* Zungenkrebs - 1949: [[Eugene H. Hand]]<ref name="Hand1949">{{REFjournal |last=Hand |first=Eugene H. |init=EH |author-link=Eugene H. Hand |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/ |title=Circumcision and venereal disease |trans-title=Beschneidung und Geschlechtskrankheiten |language=Englisch |journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology |date=1949-09 |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages341-6 |pubmedID=18135844 |DOI=10.1001/archderm.1949.01530030037004 |accessdate=2021-10-08}}</ref>