9.229
Bearbeitungen
Änderungen
Zur Navigation springen
Zur Suche springen
K
{{Baustelle}}
keine Bearbeitungszusammenfassung
{{VonIntactWiki
|Titel=Intactivism
|URL=http://intactwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Intactivism&oldid=2410}}
The [[intactivist]] movement (also known as [[genital autonomy]] or [[genital integrity]] movement) is a political movement dedicated to promote the genital integrity of all people, particularly minors. By “genital integrity,” [[Intactivist|intactivists]] mean the right to grow with intact genitals and to provide informed consent for any genital-altering procedure, with certain exceptions for cases of immediate medical need. Attached to genital integrity are the concepts of bodily autonomy, informed consent, self determination and the children's right to physical integrity. Intactivists oppose routine infant circumcision (RIC), gender reassignment surgeries for intersex babies, and female genital mutilation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://suite.io/sarah-tennant/2qvm2x0 | title = What is Intactivism? | accessdate = yyyy-mm-ddREFweb | last = Tennant | first = Sarah | coauthors year= | date title= yyyy-mm-ddWhat is Intactivism? | format url= fill out only if not HTML | work = newspaper name, etc. | publisher accessdate=
}}</ref>
==Origins==
During the late XIX century -in English speaking countries, the theory of irritation and reflex neurosis led to the development of many forms of genital mutilation.<ref>{{cite journalREFjournal | last=Gollaher | first=David L. | pubyear=1994 | title = From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America. | journal = Journal of Social History | date = 1994 | first = David L. | last = Gollaher | coauthors = | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 5-23 | id = | format = | accessdate = | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/history/gollaher/ | accessdate=2018-11-01
}}</ref>
Circumcision of the male, infibulation of the male foreskin, castration, clitoridectomy, circumcision proper of the female (removal or reduction of the clitoral hood), removal of the nymphae (labia minora), application of irritants to the genitals, enemas, hysterectomies. The purpose was to reduce excessive sexual desire and its manifestations, such as masturbation, which were suspected to be the cause of many diseases.
Before the 19th century, circumcision existed only as a ritual for some cultures and religions. However, the belief that Jews were immune to masturbation because of their circumcision, led to the inclusion of circumcision among the plethora of genital surgeries.
The late 19th century and early 20th century saw the first opponents of medical circumcision, such as Herbert Snow, Elizabeth Cromwell, first female MD<ref>{{cite bookREFbook | last1 last= Blackwell | first1 first= Elizabeth | year=1884 | title = The human element in sex: Being a medical enquiry into the relation of sexual physiology to Christian morality | chapter = | volume = | editors = | publisher = | date = 1884 | year = 1884 | location = | pages = 35-6 | url = http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=7&id=72&Itemid=51 | accessdate editor= | edition= | volume= | chapter= | pages= yyyy35-mm-dd6 | location= | publisher= | isbn = | accessdate=
}}</ref>
and Ap Morgan Vance MD<ref>{{cite bookREFbook | last1 last= Vance | first1 first= Ap Morgan | year=1900 | title = Surgical Fanaticism | chapter url= http://www.circumstitions.com/Chronology.html | volume editor= | editors edition= | publisher volume= | date chapter= 1900 | year pages= 1900 | location = | pages publisher= | url isbn= http://www.circumstitions.com/Chronology.html | accessdate = yyyy-mm-dd | isbn =
}}</ref>. But by changing the rationale for the procedure, circumcision survived the transformation from the reflex neurosis theory to the germ theory. What started as circumcision of children, became newborn circumcision during and after the World Wars.
In the UK, an article by Douglas Gairdner led the NHS to stop coverage of circumcisions in 1949.<ref>{{cite journalREFjournal | title last= The fate of the foreskinGairdner | journal first= Br Med JDouglas | date pubyear= 1949-12-24 | first title= DouglasThe fate of the foreskin | last = Gairdner | coauthors journal= Br Med J | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 1433-7 | id = | format = | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/general/gairdner/ | accessdate=2018-11-01
}}</ref>. Ironically, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States kept growing, with rare opposition.