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Wolbarst's opinion piece led to the perpetuation of the myth that penile cancer could not happen to males that were circumcised in infancy. This myth was completely disproven when Boczko et al. reported the 9th documented case of penile cancer in a man who had been circumcised in infancy from the time of Wolbarst's opinion piece to the time of the report in 1968 (though they would maintain that "performing [circumcision] in infancy continues to be the most effective prophylactic measure against penile carcinoma").<ref>Boczko S, Freed S. Penile carcinoma in circumcised males. N Y State J Med 1979; 79(12):1903-4.</ref> Boczko et al. wrote: ''"The diagnosis in our patient was made late, as in the other cases reported, perhaps because the disease was presumed not to occur in those circumcised in infancy. This is clearly not so. Although rare, the diagnosis must be considered when evaluating a penile lesion even in a circumcised individual."''
In 1993, Christopher Maden, Ph.D.{{PhD}}, et al. reported a study in which 110 men with penile cancer, diagnosed from January 1979, to July, 1990, were interviewed. Of these 110 men, 22 had been circumcised at birth, 19 later in life, and 69 never.<ref>Poland R. The question of routine neonatal circumcision. New Engl J Med 1990; 322(18):1312-1314.</ref> As cases of penile cancer in circumcised men begin to accumulate<ref>Pec J Jr, Pec J Sr, Plank L, Plank J, Lazarova Z, Kliment J. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Analysis of 24 cases. Int Urol Nephrol 1992; 24: 193-200.</ref><ref>Aynaud O, Ionesco M; Barrasso R. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Specific clinical features correlate with histologic and virologic findings. Cancer 1994; 74: 1762-7.</ref><ref>Bissada NK, Morcos RR, el-Senoussi M. Post-circumcision carcinoma of the penis. I. Clinical aspects. J Urol 1986; 135: 283-5.</ref><ref>Rogus BJ. Squamous cell carcinoma in a young circumcised man. J Urol 1987; 138: 861-2.</ref><ref>Windahl T, Hellsten S. Laser treatment of localized squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. J Urol 1995; 154: 1020-3.</ref><ref>Leiter E, Lefkovitis AM. Circumcision and penile carcinoma. N Y State J Med 1975; 75: 1520-2.</ref><ref>Onuigbo WI. Carcinoma of skin of penis. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 465-6.</ref><ref>Korczak D, Siegel Y, Lindner A. [Verrucous carcinoma of the penis.] Harefuah 1989; 117: 436-7.
</ref><ref>Girgis AS, Bergman H, Rosenthal H, Solomon L. Unusual penile malignancies in circumcised Jewish men. J Urol 1973; 110: 696-702.</ref>, it becomes clear that the assertion that circumcision eliminates the risk of penile cancer is categorically false, although some circumcision advocates continue to make this assertion.
In Japan, Norway, and Sweden, the risk of penile cancer is about the same as in the US (1 in 100,000 per year).<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Wallerstein
|firstinit=E. |author-link=Edward Wallerstein
|title=Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma
|journal=Urol. Clin. North Am.
|volume=12
|issue=1
Infection with HPV is associated with some penile cancers. A quadri-valent vaccine ([[Gardasil]]) to prevent infection by the four most common variants of HPV has been developed, successfully tested, and approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] for females between the ages of 9 and 26, and as of 2009, males between the ages of 16 and 26.<ref name="titleAccess to articles : Nature Reviews Drug Discovery">{{REFjournal
|last=Crum |init=C, |last2=Jones |init2=C, |last3=Kirkpatrick P |firstinit3=P
|title=Quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine
|journal=Nature reviews. Drug discovery