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Metzitzah b'peh

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REFjournal uses <init> key
{{NYT en}}'''Metzitzah b'peh''' is a very dangerous Jewish practice that puts the health of the infant boy at risk from infectionist eine sehr gefährliche jüdische Praxis, welche die Gesundheit von Jungen durch eine Infektion gefährdet. Holt (2013) reported tubercular ''mohelim'' were infecting infant boys with tuberculosisberichtete, dass tuberkulöse [[Mohel]]s Säuglingsjungen mit Tuberkulose infizierten.<ref name="holt2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Holt
|first=L. Emmett
|author-linkinit= |etal=noLE
|title=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision
|trans-title=Tuberkulose durch rituelle Beschneidung zugezogen |language=Englisch
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=2013
|volume=61
|pages=99-102
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/holt1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-02-29
}}</ref> In jüngerer Zeit wurden Jungen mit [[Herpes]] infiziert und einige sind gestorben.
{{WikipediaZitat
|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah#Metzitzah_B'Peh_(oral_suction)
|titletitel='''{{FULLPAGENAME}}} (oral suction)'''
}}
<blockquote>The ancient method of performing Die alte Methode, ''metzitzah Metzitzah b'peh'' (HebrewHebräisch: מְצִיצָה בְּפֶה)auszuführen, auch orales Absaugen genannt, or oral suction<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522001308/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11539
|archivedate=2007-05-22
|date=2005-12-23
|publisher=The Jewish Week
}}</ref>—has become controversialist mittlerweile umstritten. The process has the ''Bei diesem Vorgang legt der [[mohelMohel]]seinen Mund direkt auf die Beschneidungswunde, um Blut aus dem Schnitt zu saugen. Die Mehrheit der jüdischen Beschneidungszeremonien verwendet kein ''' place his mouth directly on the circumcision wound to draw blood away from the cut. The majority of Jewish circumcision ceremonies do not use metzitzah Metzitzah b'peh''',<ref>{{REFnews
|title=N.Y. newborn contracts herpes from controversial circumcision rite
|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency
|date=2014-02-02
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219113240/http://www.jta.org/2014/02/02/news-opinion/united-states/n-y-newborn-contracts-herpes-from-controversial-circumcision-rite
}}</ref> but some Haredi Jews use itaber einige ultraorthodoxe Juden tun es.<ref name=haaretz>{{REFnews
|title=Controversial circumcisions
|first=Eliyahu
|quote=Metzizah b’peh — loosely translated as oral suction — is the part of the circumcision ceremony where the mohel removes the blood from the baby’s member; these days the removal of the blood is usually done using a sterilized glass tube, instead of with the mouth, as the Talmud suggests.
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213112130/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=13676
}}</ref> It has been documented that the practice poses a serious risk of spreading Es ist dokumentiert, dass diese Praxis ein ernstes Risiko für die Ausbreitung von [[herpesHerpes]] to the infantauf das Kind darstellt.<ref name="Gesundheit">{{REFjournal
|last=Gesundheit
|firstinit=B.
|date=2004-08
|title=Neonatal Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection After Jewish Ritual Circumcision: Modern Medicine and Religious Tradition
|title=NYC, Orthodox Jews in talks over ritual after herpes cases
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710134721/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/21/nyc-orthodox-jews-in-talks-over-ritual-after-herpes-cases/23798751/
}}</ref> Proponents maintain that there is no conclusive evidence that links herpes to Befürworter behaupten, dass es keine schlüssigen Beweise gibt, die [[Herpes]] mit ''Metzitza''in Verbindung bringen,<ref name="matziv.com">{{REFweb
|title=Is Metzitza bePeh Dangerous?
|first=Daniel S.
|format=PDF
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617162008/http://www.matziv.com/pictures/drbermanarticlemetzitzah
}}</ref> and that attempts to limit this practice infringe on religious freedomund dass Versuche, diese Praxis einzuschränken, die Religionsfreiheit verletzen würden.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Lawsuit Unites Jewish Groups
|accessdate=2013-01-01
}}</ref>
The practice has become a controversy Die Praxis ist sowohl in both secular and der säkularen als auch in der [[Jewish medical ethicsJüdische Medizinethik|jüdischen medizinischen Ethik]]zu einer Kontroverse geworden. The ritual of Das Ritual der ''metzitzahMetzitzah'' is found findet sich in [[MishnahMischna]] Shabbat 19:2, which lists it as one of the four steps involved in the circumcision ritedem es als einer der vier Schritte des Beschneidungsritus aufgeführt ist. Rabbi [[Moses Sofer]] (1762–1839{{LifeData|1762|1839}}) observed that the stellte fest, dass der Talmud states that the rationale for this part of the ritual was hygienic — ibesage, die Begründung für diesen Teil des Rituals sei Hygiene - d.eh., to protect the health of the childum die Gesundheit des Kindes zu schützen. The Der Chasam Sofer issued a leniency gab eine Nachsicht (Heter) that some consider to have been conditional to perform ''metzitzah'' with a sponge to be used instead of oral suction heraus, die einige als bedingt erachteten, um in a letter to his student, einem Brief an seinen Schüler Rabbi [[Lazar Horowitz]] of Viennaaus Wien eine ''Metzitzah'' mit einem Schwamm durchzuführen, der anstelle einer mündlichen Absaugung verwendet werden sollte. This letter was never published among Dieser Brief wurde nie unter Rabbi Sofer's responsa but rather Sofers Antwort veröffentlicht, sondern in the secular journal der weltlichen Zeitschrift ''Kochvei Yitzchok.'',<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Editorial & Opinion
|publisher=The Jewish Week
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073118/http://www.thejewishweek.com/top/editletcontent.php3?artid=4591
}}</ref> along with letters from zusammen mit Briefen von Dr. Wertheimer, the chief doctor of the Viennese General Hospitaldem Chefarzlt des Wiener Allgemeinkrankenhauses. It relates the story that a mohel Er führt die Geschichte an, dass ein Mohel (who was suspected of transmitting der verdächtigt wurde, [[herpesHerpes]] via metzizah to infantsüber Metzizah auf Säuglinge übertragen zu haben) was checked several times and never found to have signs of the disease and that a ban was requested because of the mehrmals überprüft wurde und keine Anzeichen der Krankheit aufwies und dass ein Verbot wegen der "possibility of future infectionsMöglichkeit zukünftiger Infektionen"gefordert wurde.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Katz |first=Jacob |init=J
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vbWAAAAMAAJ&q=divine+law+in+human+hands
|title=Divine Law in Human Hands
|isbn=978-9652239808
|last=Katz
|first=Jacob
|date=1998
}}</ref> [[Moshe Schick]] (1807–1879{{LifeData|1807|1879}}), a student of ein Schüler von Moses Sofer, states sagt in his book of seinem Buch Responsa, : "She'eilos u'She’eilos u’teshuvos teshuvos Maharam Schick'' " (Orach Chaim 152),) that dass Moses Sofer gave the ruling die Entscheidung in that specific instance only because the mohel refused to step down and had secular Government connections that prevented his removal in favor of another mohel and the diesem speziellen Fall nur getroffen hat, weil der ''Mohel'' sich geweigert hatte, zurückzutreten und weltliche Regierungsverbindungen hatte, die seine Enthebung zugunsten eines anderen Mohels verhinderten und besagten, dass der Heter may not be applied elsewherenicht anderweitig angewendet werden dürfte. He also states Er gibt auch an (''Yoreh Deah'' 244) that the practice is possibly a Sinaitic tradition, i.e.dass die Praxis möglicherweise eine sinaitische Tradition ist, nach [[Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai]]. Other sources contradict this claimAndere Quellen widersprechen dieser Behauptung, with copies of wobei Kopien von Moses Sofer's responsa making no mention of the legal case or of his ruling applying Sofers Antworten den Rechtsfall oder seine Entscheidung, die nur in only one situationeiner Situation gelten, nicht erwähnen. RatherVielmehr macht diese Antwort deutlich, that responsa makes quite clear that "metzizah" was a health measure and should never be employed where there is a health risk to the infantdass ''Metzizah'' eine Gesundheitsmaßnahme war und niemals angewendet werden sollte, wenn ein Gesundheitsrisiko für das Kind besteht.<ref>{{REFweb
|website=onthemainline.blogspot.com
|title=The Chasam Sofer's ruling on Metzitzah Be-peh
|date=2020-04-16
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175402/http://onthemainline.blogspot.com/2012/04/chasam-sofers-ruling-on-metzitzah-be.html
|archived=yes
}}</ref>
Nachdem [[Chaim Hezekiah Medini]]mit den größten jüdischen Weisen der Generation korrespondiert hatte, after corresponding with the greatest Jewish sages of the generation, concluded the practice to be schloss er die Praxis als [[Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai]] and elaborates on what prompted ab und erläuterte, was Moses Sofer to give the above rulingdazu veranlasste, die obige Entscheidung zu treffen.<ref>Sdei Chemed vol, Bd. 8 p, S. 238</ref> He tells the story that a student of Er erzählt die Geschichte, dass ein Schüler von Moses Sofer, [[Lazar Horowitz]], [[Chief Rabbi of Vienna]] at the time and author of the responsa dem damaligen Oberrabbiner von Wien und Autor der Antwort ''Yad Elazer'', needed the ruling because of a governmental attempt to ban circumcision completely if it included das Urteil brauchte, weil es einen Regierungsversuch gab, die Beschneidung vollständig zu verbieten, wenn sie ''metztitzah b'peh.'' He therefore asked umfasse. Er bat Sofer to give him permission to do daher, ihm die Erlaubnis zu erteilen, [[Brit mila]] ohne ''brit milahMetzitzah b'' without peh''metzitzah b’pehzu machen.'' When he presented the defense in secular courtAls er die Verteidigung vor dem staatlichen Gericht vortrug, wurde seine Aussage falsch aufgezeichnet, so dass es wirkte, his testimony was erroneously recorded to mean that als ob Sofer stated it as a general rulinges als allgemeine Entscheidung erklärt hätte.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001229/http://dhengah.org/metzitzah4dummies/metzitzah4dummies.htm
|title=Kuntres Hamiliuim
|publisher=Dhengah.org
|accessdate=2012-04-25
}}</ref> The Der [[Rabbinical Council of America]], (RCA) which claims to be the largest American organization of Orthodox rabbis, published an article by mohel der behauptet, die größte amerikanische Organisation orthodoxer Rabbiner zu sein, veröffentlichte in seiner Sommerausgabe 1972 der Zeitschrift ''Tradition'' einen Artikel von Mohel Dr . Yehudi Pesach Shields , in its summer 1972 issue of Tradition magazine, calling for the abandonment of dem er die Aufgabe von ''Metzitzah b'peh'' forderte.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=The Making of Metzitzah
|publisher=Tradition
|accessdate=2014-05-02
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502221419/http://traditionarchive.org/news/article.cfm?id=103933
}}</ref> Since then the Seitdem hat die RCA has issued an opinion that advocates methods that do not involve contact between the mohel's mouth and the open woundeine Stellungnahme abgegeben, such as the use of a sterile syringein der Methoden befürwortet werden, thereby eliminating the risk of infectionbei denen kein Kontakt zwischen dem Mund des Mohels und der offenen Wunde besteht, beispielsweise die Verwendung einer sterilen Spritze, wodurch das Infektionsrisiko beseitigt werden soll.<ref name=haaretz/> According to the Nach Angaben des [[Chief Rabbinate of Oberrabbinat von Israel|Oberrabbinats von Israel]]<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Chief Rabbinate of Israel
|accessdate=2013-04-26
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013130/http://cbci16.b1.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_041F747012AB47F9A57A42BD87D1E8C4.JPG
}}</ref> and the und der [[Edah HaChareidis]]<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Edah HaChareidis
|accessdate=2013-04-26
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013129/http://cbci16.b2.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_C65A7314BA5E41F0B7EF10BFC75E4195.JPG
}}</ref> soll ''metzitzah Metzitzah b'peh'' should still be performedweiter ausgeführt werden.
The practice of Die Praxis der ''metzitzah Metzitzah b'peh'' was alleged to pose a serious risk in the transfer of soll ein ernstes Risiko bei der Übertragung von [[herpesHerpes]] from durch [[mohelMohel]]im to eight Israeli infantsauf acht israelische Säuglinge darstellen, one of whom suffered brain damagevon denen einer einen Hirnschaden erlitt.<ref name="Gesundheit"/><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Rare Circumcision Ritual Carries Herpes Risk
|publisher=My.webmd.com
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920215004/http://my.webmd.com/content/article/91/101352.htm?lastselectedguid=%7B5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348%7D
}}</ref> When three Nachdem drei Säuglinge aus New York City infants contracted sich ''[[herpesHerpes]] after ''metzizah nach einer ''Metzizah b'peh'' by one durch einen ''mohel[[Mohel]]'' and one of them diedzuzogen und einer von ihnen starb, erließen die New York authorities took out a restraining order against the ''mohel'' requiring use of a sterile glass tubeYorker Behörden eine einstweilige Verfügung gegen den Mohel, or pipettedie die Verwendung eines sterilen Glasrohrs oder einer Pipette verlangte.<ref name="Hartog"/><ref name="NewmanNYT">{{REFnews
|first=Andy
|last=Newman
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515144532/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/nyregion/26circumcise.html?ex=1164344400&en=31f8462c34a55f16&ei=5070
|archived=yes}}</ref> The mohel's attorney argued that the Der Anwalt des Mohels argumentierte, das New York Department of Health had not supplied conclusive medical evidence linking his client with the diseaseYorker Gesundheitsministerium hätte keine schlüssigen medizinischen Beweise vorgelegt, die seinen Klienten mit der Krankheit in Verbindung brachten.<ref name="NewmanNYT"/><ref name="Lohud">{{REFweb
|title=State offers new guidelines on oral-suction circumcision
|accessdate=2006-06-28
|publisher=The Journal News
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706171003/http://www.lohud.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060621%2FNEWS03%2F606210352%2F1197%2FRSS01
|archived=yes
}}
</ref> In Im September 2005, the city withdrew the restraining order and turned the matter over to a rabbinical courtzog die Stadt die einstweilige Verfügung zurück und übergab die Angelegenheit einem rabbinischen Gericht.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=City: Brit Case To Bet Din
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|publisher=The Jewish Week
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073353/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11412
|archived=yes}}</ref> Dr. Thomas Frieden, the Health Commissioner of der Gesundheitskommissar von New York City, wroteschrieb: "Es besteht kein begründeter Zweifel daran, "There exists no reasonable doubt that ‘metzitzah dass ''Metzitzah b'peh’ can and has caused neonatal peh'' eine Neugeborenen-[[herpesHerpes]] infection....The Health Department recommends that infants being circumcised not undergo metzitzah infektion verursachen kann und verursacht hat …" Das Gesundheitsamt empfiehlt, dass beschnittene Säuglinge keine ''Metzitzah b'peh'' erhalten."<ref>{{REFnews
|first=Debra
|last=Nussbaum Cohen
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060429154742/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2006/02/23/news/news02.txt
|archived=yes}}</ref> In May Im Mai 2006, the Department of Health for gab das Gesundheitsministerium des Staates New York State issued a protocol for the performance of metzitzah eine Vorschrift für die Durchführung von ''Metzitzah b'peh'' heraus.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Circumcision Protocol Regarding the Prevention of Neonatal Herpes Transmission
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|publisher=Department of Health, New York State
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205033348/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/circumcision_protocol.htm
|quote=The person performing ''metzizah b'peh '' must do the following: Wipe around the outside of the mouth thoroughly, including the labial folds at the corners, with a sterile alcohol wipe, and then discard in a safe place. Wash hands with soap and hot water for 2-6 minutes. Within 5 minutes before ''metzizah b'peh'', rinse mouth thoroughly with a mouthwash containing greater than 25% alcohol (for example, Listerine) and hold the rinse in mouth for 30 seconds or more before discarding it. |archived=yes}}</ref> Dr. [[Antonia Novello|Antonia C. Novello]], Commissioner of Health for Gesundheitskommissarin des Staates New York State, together with a board of rabbis and doctors, worked, she saidarbeitete zusammen mit einem Ausschuss von Rabbinern und Ärzten daran, to "allow the practice of metzizah die Praxis der ''Metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health' zuzulassen, um weiterhin die Verantwortung des Gesundheitsministeriums für den Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit zu erfüllen."<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Dear Rabbi Letter
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|date=2006-05-08
|publisher=Department of Health, New York State
|quote=The meetings have been extremely helpful to me in understanding the importance of ''metzizah b'peh '' to the continuity of Jewish ritual practice, how the procedure is performed, and how we might allow the practice of ''metzizah b'peh '' to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health. I want to reiterate that the welfare of the children of your community is our common goal and that it is not our intent to prohibit ''metzizah b'peh '' after circumcision, rather our intent is to suggest measures that would reduce the risk of harm, if there is any, for future circumcisions where ''metzizah b'peh '' is the customary procedure and the possibility of an infected mohel may not be ruled out. I know that successful solutions can and will be based on our mutual trust and cooperation.
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218224659/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/2006-05-08_letter_to_rabbis.htm
|archived=yes}}</ref> Later 2012 starb in New York City in 2012 a 2-week-old baby died of ein zwei Wochen altes Baby aufgrund von ''[[herpesHerpes]] because of metzitzah '', übertragen durch ''Metzitzah b'peh''.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision By Orthodox Jews
|author=Susan Donaldson James
}}</ref>
In three medical papers done drei medizinischen Artikeln, die in Israel, CanadaKanada und den USA verfasst wurden, and the US, oral suction following circumcision was suggested as a cause wurde in 11 cases of neonatal Fällen von [[Herpes]] bei Neugeborenen eine orale Absaugung nach der [[herpesBeschneidung]]als Ursache festgestellt.<ref name="Gesundheit"/><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rubin
|firstinit=L.G.LG
|last2=Lanzkowsky
|first2init2=P.
|title=Cutaneous neonatal herpes simplex infection associated with ritual circumcision
|journal=Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Distel
|firstinit=R.
|last2=Hofer
|first2init2=V.
|last3=Bogger-Goren
|first3init3=S.
|last4=Shalit
|first4init4=I.
|last5=Garty
|first5init5=B.Z.BZ
|title=Primary genital herpes simplex infection associated with Jewish ritual circumcision
|journal=Israel Medical Association Journal
|pages=893-894
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021093342/http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03dec-14.pdf
|archived=yes
|format=PDF
}}</ref> Researchers noted that prior to Die Forscher stellten fest, dass vor 1997, neonatal Neugeborenenberichte über [[herpesHerpes]] reports in Israel were rareselten waren und dass die jüngsten Vorfälle mit Müttern zu tun hatten, and that the late incidences were correlated with the mothers carrying the virus themselvesdie das Virus selbst trugen.<ref name="Gesundheit"/> Rabbi Doctor Der Rabbiner und Arzt [[Mordechai Halperin]] implicates the geht davon aus, dass die "better hygiene and living conditions that prevail among the younger generationbessere Hygiene und die besseren Lebensbedingungen der jüngeren Generation"die Rate junger israelischer chassidischer Mütter, which lowered to die das Virus tragen, auf 60]nbsp;% the rate of young Israeli Chareidi mothers who carry the virussenkten. He explains that an Er erklärt, dass "absence of antibodies in the mothers’ blood means that their newborn sons received no such antibodies through the placentadas Fehlen von Antikörpern im Blut der Mütter bedeutet, and therefore are vulnerable to infection by dass ihre neugeborenen Söhne keine solchen Antikörper über die Plazenta erhalten haben und daher anfällig für eine Infektion mit HSV-1sind."<ref name="Halperin">{{REFjournal |last=Halperin
|first=Mordechai
|lastinit=HalperinM
|author-link=Mordechai Halperin
|translator-first=Yocheved
|accessdate=2007-02-15
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306221308/http://www.ou.org/jewish_action/article/8987
|quote = The mohel brings the baby’s organ into his mouth immediately after the excision of the foreskin and sucks blood from it vigorously. This action lowers the internal pressure in the tissues of the organ, in the blood vessels of the head of the organ and in the exposed ends of the arterioles that have just been cut. Thus, the difference between the pressure in the blood vessels in the base of the organ and the pressure in the blood vessels at its tip is increased. This requirement has deep religious significance as well as medical benefits....Immediately after incising or injuring an artery, the arterial walls contract and obstruct, or at least reduce, the flow of blood. Since the arterioles of the ''orlah'', or the foreskin, branch off from the dorsal arteries (the arteries of the upper side of the organ), cutting away the foreskin can result in a temporary obstruction in these dorsal arteries. This temporary obstruction, caused by arterial muscle contraction, continues to develop into a more enduring blockage as the stationary blood begins to clot. The tragic result can be severe hypoxia (deprivation of the supply of blood and oxygen) of the glans penis.28 If the arterial obstruction becomes more permanent, gangrene follows; the baby may lose his glans, and it may even become a life-threatening situation. Such cases have been known to occur. Only by immediately clearing the blockage can one prevent such clotting from happening. Performing ''metzitzah '' immediately after circumcision lowers the internal pressure within the tissues and blood vessels of the glans, thus raising the pressure gradient between the blood vessels at the base of the organ and the blood vessels at its distal end—the glans as well as the excised arterioles of the foreskin, which branch off of the dorsal arteries. This increase in pressure gradient (by a factor of four to six!) can resolve an acute temporary blockage and restore blood flow to the glans, thus significantly reducing both the danger of immediate, acute hypoxia and the danger of developing a permanent obstruction by means of coagulation. How do we know when a temporary blockage has successfully been averted? When the “blood in the further reaches [i.e., the proximal dorsal artery] is extracted,” as Rambam has stated. |archived=yes
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
 
== Jüngste Ereignisse ==
* 2020: Vier Säuglingsjungen aus New York haben in sechs Monaten [[Herpes]] durch einen [[Mohel]] zugezogen.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=4 NY babies get herpes from Jewish circumcision rite in past 6 months
|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/4-ny-babies-get-herpes-from-jewish-circumcision-rite-in-past-6-months
|last=Oster
|first=Marcy
|publisher=The Times of Israel
|date=2020-02-20
|accessdate=2020-04-12
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}

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