9.229
Bearbeitungen
Änderungen
Zur Navigation springen
Zur Suche springen
Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „{{NYT en}} right|thumb|USAID In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men…“
{{NYT en}}
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
|last=USAID
|first=
|first2=Mishra
|last2=Vinod
|first3=Amy
|last3=Medley
|first4=Rathavuth
|last4=Hong
|first5=Yuan
|last5=Gu
|first6=Bryant
|last6=Robey
|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
|title=DHS Comparative Reports 22
|date=2009
|publisher=Macro International, Inc.
|quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
|url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
|publisher=Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{REFnews
|last=
|first=
|url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
|title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme
|date=2010-07
|publisher=Government of Kenya
|quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref>
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Male Circumcision
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|last=Clark
|first=S.
|first2=I.
|last2=Fua
|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
|title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
|date=2003-05
|publisher=USAID/AIDSMark
|quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
|accessdate=2011-03-24
|place = Washington, D.C.
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision
|url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref>
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=
|first=
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
|title=Technical Issue Brief
|date=2010-11
|publisher=USAID
|quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
|last=
|first=
|publisher=USAID
|date=
|title=Kenya / HIV/AIDS
|url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=2010-12
|title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
|publisher=VMMC.m4v
|accessdate=2011-04-28
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
{{Zitat
|Titel=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|Autor=
|Quelle=
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
== C-Change ==
A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
|url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya
|title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya
|last=
|first=
|year=
|publisher=C-Change
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>{{REFweb
|quote=VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya
|last=
|first=
|publisher=C-Change
|date=2010-10-01
|title=Male Circumcision
|url=http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb
|quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
|last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b
|first=
|publisher=C-Change
|date=2009-12
|title=Bulletin of the World Health Organization: C-Channel Issue 15
|url=http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
== PEPFAR ==
In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[PEPFAR|President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>{{REFweb
|last=Own Correspondent
|first=
|date=2010-09-12
|title=US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits
|url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html
|publisher=The Standard
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Organisationen]]
[[Kategorie:Beschneidung in Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Von CircLeaks]]
[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
|last=USAID
|first=
|first2=Mishra
|last2=Vinod
|first3=Amy
|last3=Medley
|first4=Rathavuth
|last4=Hong
|first5=Yuan
|last5=Gu
|first6=Bryant
|last6=Robey
|url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
|title=DHS Comparative Reports 22
|date=2009
|publisher=Macro International, Inc.
|quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
|url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
|publisher=Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{REFnews
|last=
|first=
|url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
|title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme
|date=2010-07
|publisher=Government of Kenya
|quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref>
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Male Circumcision
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|last=Clark
|first=S.
|first2=I.
|last2=Fua
|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
|title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
|date=2003-05
|publisher=USAID/AIDSMark
|quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
|accessdate=2011-03-24
|place = Washington, D.C.
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=
|title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision
|url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
|publisher=USAID
|accessdate=2011-03-24
}}</ref>
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews
|last=
|first=
|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
|title=Technical Issue Brief
|date=2010-11
|publisher=USAID
|quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
|last=
|first=
|publisher=USAID
|date=
|title=Kenya / HIV/AIDS
|url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb
|last=
|first=
|date=2010-12
|title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
|publisher=VMMC.m4v
|accessdate=2011-04-28
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
{{Zitat
|Titel=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|Autor=
|Quelle=
|ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
== C-Change ==
A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men...
|url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya
|title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya
|last=
|first=
|year=
|publisher=C-Change
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>{{REFweb
|quote=VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya
|last=
|first=
|publisher=C-Change
|date=2010-10-01
|title=Male Circumcision
|url=http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb
|quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa
|last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b
|first=
|publisher=C-Change
|date=2009-12
|title=Bulletin of the World Health Organization: C-Channel Issue 15
|url=http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
== PEPFAR ==
In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[PEPFAR|President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>{{REFweb
|last=Own Correspondent
|first=
|date=2010-09-12
|title=US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits
|url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html
|publisher=The Standard
|accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Organisationen]]
[[Kategorie:Beschneidung in Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Von CircLeaks]]
[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]