Immunologische und Schutzfunktion der Vorhaut: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

Aus IntactiWiki
Zur Navigation springen Zur Suche springen
K
K (REFjournal uses <init> key)
 
Zeile 9: Zeile 9:
 
Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the foreskin's inner lining, these are not present in the [[glans penis]].<ref name="hyman-brownstein1969">{{REFjournal
 
Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the foreskin's inner lining, these are not present in the [[glans penis]].<ref name="hyman-brownstein1969">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hyman
 
  |last=Hyman
−
  |first=A.B.
+
  |init=AB
 
  |last2=Brownstein
 
  |last2=Brownstein
−
  |first2=M.H.
+
  |init2=MH
 
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/530842
 
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/530842
 
  |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis
 
  |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis
Zeile 24: Zeile 24:
 
In the genitally intact penis the urine stream flushes out the urethra and foreskin of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, urine is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of urine as it rushes through the foreskin flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973">{{REFjournal
 
In the genitally intact penis the urine stream flushes out the urethra and foreskin of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, urine is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of urine as it rushes through the foreskin flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Parkash
 
  |last=Parkash
−
  |first=S.
+
  |init=S
 
  |last2=Jeykumar
 
  |last2=Jeykumar
−
  |first2=S.
+
  |init2=S
 
  |last3=Subramanyan
 
  |last3=Subramanyan
−
  |first3=K.
+
  |init3=K
 
  |last4=Chaudhuri
 
  |last4=Chaudhuri
−
  |first4=S.
+
  |init4=S
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/
 
  |title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation
 
  |title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation
Zeile 43: Zeile 43:
 
Though urine passes through the foreskin every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in urine. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
Though urine passes through the foreskin every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in urine. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Parkash
 
  |last=Parkash
−
  |first=S.
+
  |init=S
 
  |title=Penis: some facts and fancies
 
  |title=Penis: some facts and fancies
 
  |journal=Journal of Physician's Association of Madras
 
  |journal=Journal of Physician's Association of Madras
Zeile 52: Zeile 52:
 
At birth, the foreskin is usually attached to the glans (head) of the penis by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
At birth, the foreskin is usually attached to the glans (head) of the penis by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Deibert
 
  |last=Deibert
−
  |first=G.A.
+
  |init=GA
 
  |author-link=
 
  |author-link=
 
  |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
 
  |title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
Zeile 66: Zeile 66:
 
In infancy, the foreskin's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the sphincter muscle in the tip of the foreskin keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the urethra.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
In infancy, the foreskin's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the sphincter muscle in the tip of the foreskin keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the urethra.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hunter
 
  |last=Hunter
−
  |first=R.H.
+
  |init=RH
 
  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1249280/pdf/janat00534-0090.pdf
 
  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1249280/pdf/janat00534-0090.pdf
 
  |title=Notes on the development of the prepuce
 
  |title=Notes on the development of the prepuce
Zeile 78: Zeile 78:
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Glenister
 
  |last=Glenister
−
  |first=T.W.
+
  |init=TW
 
  |title=A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man
 
  |title=A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man
 
  |journal=Br J Urol
 
  |journal=Br J Urol
Zeile 88: Zeile 88:
 
Together, these properties prevent the entry of contaminants.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal
 
Together, these properties prevent the entry of contaminants.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Fleiss
 
  |last=Fleiss
−
  |first=P.
+
  |init=PM
 
  |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
 
  |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
 
  |last2=Hodges
 
  |last2=Hodges
−
  |first2=F.
+
  |init2=FM
 
  |author2-link=Frederick M. Hodges
 
  |author2-link=Frederick M. Hodges
 
  |last3=Van Howe
 
  |last3=Van Howe
−
  |first3=R.S.
+
  |init3=RS
 
  |author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
 
  |author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
 
  |title=Immunological functions of the human prepuce
 
  |title=Immunological functions of the human prepuce
Zeile 114: Zeile 114:
 
In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw bleeding flesh, the circumcised penis needs much more care after circumcision. The surgically externalized glans is dirty rather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion and contaminants.<ref name="vanhowe1997">{{REFjournal
 
In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw bleeding flesh, the circumcised penis needs much more care after circumcision. The surgically externalized glans is dirty rather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion and contaminants.<ref name="vanhowe1997">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Van Howe
 
  |last=Van Howe
−
  |first=R.S.
+
  |init=RS
 
  |author-link=Robert Van Howe
 
  |author-link=Robert Van Howe
 
  |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x
 
  |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x
Zeile 131: Zeile 131:
 
Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal
 
Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Weiss
 
  |last=Weiss
−
  |first=G.N.
+
  |init=GN
 
  |last2=Sanders
 
  |last2=Sanders
−
  |first2=M.
+
  |init2=M
 
  |last3=Westbrook
 
  |last3=Westbrook
−
  |first3=K.C.
+
  |init3=KC
 
  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16828878
 
  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16828878
 
  |title=The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response?
 
  |title=The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response?
Zeile 146: Zeile 146:
 
}}</ref> plasma cells,<ref name="flower1983">{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref> plasma cells,<ref name="flower1983">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Flower
 
  |last=Flower
−
  |first=P.J.
+
  |init=PJ
 
  |last2=Ladds
 
  |last2=Ladds
−
  |first2=P.W.
+
  |init2=PW
 
  |last3=Thomas
 
  |last3=Thomas
−
  |first3=A.D.
+
  |init3=AD
 
  |last4=Watson
 
  |last4=Watson
−
  |first4=D.L.
+
  |init4=DL
 
  |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030098588302000206
 
  |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030098588302000206
 
  |title=An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce
 
  |title=An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce
Zeile 163: Zeile 163:
 
}}</ref> apocrine glands,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref> apocrine glands,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ahmed
 
  |last=Ahmed
−
  |first=A.
+
  |init=A
 
  |last2=Jones
 
  |last2=Jones
−
  |first2=A.W.
+
  |init2=AW
 
  |url=https://www.academia.edu/5687437/APOCRINE_CYSTADENOMA_A_REPORT_OF_TWO_CASES_OCCURRING_ON_THE_PREPUCE
 
  |url=https://www.academia.edu/5687437/APOCRINE_CYSTADENOMA_A_REPORT_OF_TWO_CASES_OCCURRING_ON_THE_PREPUCE
 
  |title=Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce
 
  |title=Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce
Zeile 176: Zeile 176:
 
}}</ref> and sebaceous glands,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref> and sebaceous glands,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Hyman
 
  |last=Hyman
−
  |first=A.B.
+
  |init=AB
 
  |last2=Brownstein
 
  |last2=Brownstein
−
  |first2=M.H.
+
  |init2=MH
 
  |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis
 
  |title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis
 
  |journal=Arch Dermatol
 
  |journal=Arch Dermatol
Zeile 188: Zeile 188:
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Delbanco
 
  |last=Delbanco
−
  |first=E.
+
  |init=E
 
  |title=Über das gehäufte Auftreten von freien Talgdrüsen an der Innenfläche des Präputiums
 
  |title=Über das gehäufte Auftreten von freien Talgdrüsen an der Innenfläche des Präputiums
−
  |trans-title=About the increased occurrence of free sebaceous glands on the inner surface of the prepuce
+
  |#trans-title=About the increased occurrence of free sebaceous glands on the inner surface of the prepuce
−
  |language=German
+
  |#language=German
 
  |journal=Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie
 
  |journal=Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie
 
  |date=1904
 
  |date=1904
Zeile 199: Zeile 199:
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Piccinno
 
  |last=Piccinno
−
  |first=R.
+
  |init=R
 
  |last2=Carrel
 
  |last2=Carrel
−
  |first2=C.-F.
+
  |init2=CF
 
  |last3=Menni
 
  |last3=Menni
−
  |first3=S.
+
  |init3=S
 
  |etal=yes
 
  |etal=yes
 
  |title=sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum
 
  |title=sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum
Zeile 213: Zeile 213:
 
  |last=Krompecher
 
  |last=Krompecher
 
  |first=St.
 
  |first=St.
 +
|init=S
 
  |title=Die Histologie der Absonderung des Smegma praeputii
 
  |title=Die Histologie der Absonderung des Smegma praeputii
−
  |trans-title=Histology of allocation of a smegma praeputii
+
  |#trans-title=Histology of allocation of a smegma praeputii
−
  |language=German
+
  |#language=German
 
  |journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger
 
  |journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger
 
  |date=1932
 
  |date=1932
Zeile 222: Zeile 223:
 
}}</ref>, collectively secrete emollient lubricants.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973"/> Apocrine glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
}}</ref>, collectively secrete emollient lubricants.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973"/> Apocrine glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Frohlich
 
  |last=Frohlich
−
  |first=E.
+
  |init=E
 
  |last2=Shamburg-Lever
 
  |last2=Shamburg-Lever
−
  |first2=G.
+
  |init2=G
 
  |last3=Klesses
 
  |last3=Klesses
−
  |first3=C.
+
  |init3=C
 
  |title=Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands
 
  |title=Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands
 
  |journal=J Cutan Pathol
 
  |journal=J Cutan Pathol
Zeile 247: Zeile 248:
 
Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Ahmed
 
  |last=Ahmed
−
  |first=A.A.
+
  |init=AA
 
  |last2=Nordlind
 
  |last2=Nordlind
−
  |first2=K.
+
  |init2=K
 
  |last3=Schultzberd
 
  |last3=Schultzberd
−
  |first3=M.
+
  |init3=M
 
  |last4=Liden
 
  |last4=Liden
−
  |first4=S.
+
  |init4=S
 
  |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01105803
 
  |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01105803
 
  |title=Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands
 
  |title=Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands
Zeile 265: Zeile 266:
 
It is also very important to note that Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodefiency viris (HIV) on contact.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
It is also very important to note that Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodefiency viris (HIV) on contact.<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=de Witte
 
  |last=de Witte
−
  |first=L.
+
  |init=L
 
  |last2=Nabatov
 
  |last2=Nabatov
−
  |first2=A.
+
  |init2=A
 
  |last3=Pion
 
  |last3=Pion
−
  |first3=M.
+
  |init3=M
 
  |etal=yes
 
  |etal=yes
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/news/healthday2007-03-05/
 
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/news/healthday2007-03-05/

Aktuelle Version vom 27. November 2021, 13:23 Uhr

(Dieser Artikel wurde noch nicht aus dem Englischen übersetzt oder enthält noch englische Textpassagen. Bitte beziehe dich vorerst auf die Informationen im englischen Artikel. Klicke dazu in der IntactiWiki-Navigation im Abschnitt "In anderen Sprachen" auf "English".)


Although it was once claimed that the human foreskin was filthy and harbored disease and infection, in reality the opposite is true. The foreskin is designed by nature to be self cleaning and to provide significant natural immunological and protective function against all types of infection, including HIV.

The protective and hygienic function of the foreskin

The foreskin, like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and hygienic function. The foreskin protects the delicate glans of the penis and puts the urethra at a distance form its environment, protecting it from foreign contaminants of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the penis from injury. It is a double fold of skin which offers two layers of protection.

Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the foreskin's inner lining, these are not present in the glans penis.[1] They are also present in the eye lid and perform the same function in both places. They secrete the oils necessary to keep the glans surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple color. This moisturizer also maintains PH balance, and optimal cleanliness. This is required to keep the surface of the glans healthy and clean via the cleaning effects of mucous secretions. Again, this function is analogous to the eye lid. The glans penis is meant to be an internal organ covered and protected from the outside world.

In the genitally intact penis the urine stream flushes out the urethra and foreskin of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, urine is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of urine as it rushes through the foreskin flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.[2]

Though urine passes through the foreskin every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in urine. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethral mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.[3]

At birth, the foreskin is usually attached to the glans (head) of the penis by a synechia, akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.[4] The preputial cavity is sealed by the synechia so it cannot be infected.

In infancy, the foreskin's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the sphincter muscle in the tip of the foreskin keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the urethra.[5][6] Together, these properties prevent the entry of contaminants.[7]

The idea that the foreskin is "dirty" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition. The intact penis is naturally clean and maintains a level of hygiene that is optimal when compared to a penis that has been altered by circumcision.

In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw bleeding flesh, the circumcised penis needs much more care after circumcision. The surgically externalized glans is dirty rather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion and contaminants.[8] Circumcised boys are also found to be more likely to develop balanitis, meatitis, coronal adhesions and meatal stenosis.[8]

The immunological function of the foreskin

The foreskin's inner fold and the glans of the penis are comprised of mucous membrane tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions.

Certain components such as Langerhans cells,[9] plasma cells,[10] apocrine glands,[11] and sebaceous glands,[12][13][14][15], collectively secrete emollient lubricants.[2] Apocrine glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.[16]

There is also some research to suggest that lysozyme may protect against HIV infection.[17] [7]

Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,[18] which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.[10] It is also very important to note that Langerhans cells that are present in the foreskin produce Langerin, a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodefiency viris (HIV) on contact.[19]

All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.[7]


Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ REFjournal Hyman AB, Brownstein MH. Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis. Arch Dermatol. Januar 1969; 99(1): 31-36. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  2. ↑ a b REFjournal Parkash S, Jeykumar S, Subramanyan K, Chaudhuri S. Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation. J Urol. August 1973; 110(2): 211-212. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Parkash S. Penis: some facts and fancies. Journal of Physician's Association of Madras. Juni 1982; : 1-13.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Deibert GA. The separation of the prepuce in the human penis. Anatomical Record. November 1993; 57(4): 387-399. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Hunter RH. Notes on the development of the prepuce PDF. Journal of Anatomy. Oktober 1935; 70(1): 6875. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Glenister TW. A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man. Br J Urol. September 1956; 28(3): 243-249.
  7. ↑ a b c REFjournal Fleiss PM, Hodges FM, Van Howe RS. Immunological functions of the human prepuce. Sex Trans Infect. Oktober 1998; 74(5): 364-67. PMID. Abgerufen am 15. Oktober 2019.
  8. ↑ a b REFjournal Van Howe RS. Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study. Br J Urol. 1997; 80: 776-782. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  9. ↑ REFjournal Weiss GN, Sanders M, Westbrook KC. The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response?. Isr J Med Sci. Januar 1993; 29(1): 42-43. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  10. ↑ a b REFjournal Flower PJ, Ladds PW, Thomas AD, Watson DL. An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce. Vet Pathol. März 1983; 20(2): 189-201. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Ahmed A, Jones AW. Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce. Br J Dermatol. Dezember 1969; 81(12): 899-901. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  12. ↑ REFjournal Hyman AB, Brownstein MH. Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis. Arch Dermatol. Januar 1969; 99(1): 31-36. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  13. ↑ REFjournal Delbanco E. Über das gehäufte Auftreten von freien Talgdrüsen an der Innenfläche des Präputiums. Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie. 1904; 38: 536-538. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Piccinno R, Carrel CF, Menni S, et al. sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum. Acta Derm Venerol. 1990; 70: 344-345.
  15. ↑ REFjournal Krompecher S. Die Histologie der Absonderung des Smegma praeputii. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 1932; 75: 170-176.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Frohlich E, Shamburg-Lever G, Klesses C. Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands. J Cutan Pathol. Februar 1993; 20(1): 54-60.
  17. ↑ REFweb Hill, George (7. September 2003). Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection. Abgerufen 20. Oktober 2019.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Ahmed AA, Nordlind K, Schultzberd M, Liden S. Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands. Arch Dermatol Res. 1995; 287(8): 764-766. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
  19. ↑ REFjournal de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, et al. Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells. Nat Med. März 2007; 13(3): 367-371. Abgerufen am 20. Oktober 2019.
Abgerufen von „https://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Immunologische_und_Schutzfunktion_der_Vorhaut&oldid=8010“