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created from English and partly translated
{{NYT en}}
'''Amputation''' is the removal of a limb or body part by [[Physical trauma|trauma]], medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands.<ref name="WP">{{REFweb
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation
|title=Amputation
|website=Wikipedia
|accessdate=2021-11-12
}}</ref>
In some countries, such as Afghanistan and Iran,<ref name="iran">{{REFnews
|last=Fathi
|first=Nazila
|init=N
|date=2008-01-11
|title=Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran
|publisher=The New York Times
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html
|accessdate=2021-06-27
}}</ref> amputation was proposed, was formerly used, or is currently used to punish people who committed crimes.<ref name="Chuback 2005">{{REFconference
|last=Chuback
|first=Jennifer E.
|init=JE
|date=2005-03
|editor-last=Whitelaw
|editor-first=W.A.
|title=The history of rhinoplasty
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023
|conference=14th Annual History of Medicine Days
|publisher={{UNI|University of Calgary|UCalgary}}
|place=Calgary, Alberta, Canada
|pages=10–15
|via=ResearchGate
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kocharkarn
|first=Wachira
|init=W
|date=2000-08
|title=Traumatic amputation of the penis
|url=http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf
|journal=Brazilian Journal of Urology
|volume=26
|pages=385–389
|via=Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Peters
|first=Rudolph
|init=R
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&q=amputation+punishment&pg=PR7
|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
|year=2005
|publisher={{UNI|Cambridge University|UCam}} Press
|isbn=9780521792264
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Bosmia
|init=AN
|last2=Griessenauer
|init2=CJ
|last3=Tubbs
|init3=RS
|title=Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza
|journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research
|volume=6
|issue=2
|pages=54–6
|date=2014-07
|pubmedID=24284812
|pubmedCID4009169
|DOI=10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kepe
|init=T
|title='Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|journal=Social Science & Medicine
|volume=70
|issue=5
|pages=729–35
|date=2010-03
|pubmedID=20053494
|DOI=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Grisaru
|init=N
|last2=Lezer
|init2=S
|last3=Belmaker
|init3=RH
|title=Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews
|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior
|volume=26
|issue=2
|pages=211–5
|date=1997-04
|pubmedID=9101034
|DOI=10.1023/a:1024562512475
}}</ref> When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an "amputator".<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputator
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputator
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputee
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputee
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
== Types related to [[HGM]] ==
The Wikipedia article ''Amputation''<ref name="WP"/> lists various types of amputation, for legs, arms, and other body parts. In relation to genital mutilation, the following amputation types are of relevance:
=== Genitals ===
* Amputation of the testicles (castration).
* Amputation of the [[penis]] ([[penectomy]]).
* Amputation of the [[foreskin]] ([[circumcision]]).
* Amputation of the [[clitoris]] ([[clitoridectomy]]).
== Neurological disorders related to amputation ==
=== Acrotomophilia ===
'''Acrotomophilia''' refers to a paraphilia in which an individual expresses strong sexual interest in amputees.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Solvang
|init=P
|date=2007
|title=The amputee body desired: Beauty destabilized? Disability re-valued?
|journal=Sex and Disability
|volume=25
|pages=51–64
}}</ref>
=== Apotemnophilia ===
'''Apotemnophilia''' is a neurological disorder in which otherwise sane and rational individuals express a strong and specific desire for the [[amputation]] of a healthy limb or limbs.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Everaerd
|init=W
|date=1983
|title=A Case of Apotemnophilia: A Handicap as Sexual Preference
|journal=American Journal of Psychotherapy
|volume=37
|pages=285–293
}}</ref> There is often a sexual interest in becoming an amputee.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Brang
|init=G
|date=2008
|title=Apotemnophilia: A Neurological Disorder
|journal=Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology
|volume=19
|pages=1305-6
}}</ref>
One of the piers of [[circumfetishist]] [[Jake Waskett]] said: “Some of us who do get erotic and sexual gratification out of not only the finished product, but also the procedure itself.” The “finished product” is the sexual interest in becoming an amputee and the “procedure itself” is akin to the [[Jake_H._Waskett/Editorial#Cognitive_dissonance_.28free_thought_paradigm.29|IKEA effect that was previously discussed]].
=== Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) ===
Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), formerly known as Amputee Identity Disorder, is a neurological and psychological disorder that makes sufferers feel they would be happier living as an amputee. It is typically accompanied by the desire to amputate one or more healthy limbs to achieve that end.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Large
|init=MM
|date=2007-10
|title=Body identity disorder
|journal=Psychol Med
|volume=37
|issue=10
|page=1513; author reply 1513–4
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Beschneidung]]
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Begriff]]
[[en:Amputation]]
'''Amputation''' is the removal of a limb or body part by [[Physical trauma|trauma]], medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands.<ref name="WP">{{REFweb
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation
|title=Amputation
|website=Wikipedia
|accessdate=2021-11-12
}}</ref>
In some countries, such as Afghanistan and Iran,<ref name="iran">{{REFnews
|last=Fathi
|first=Nazila
|init=N
|date=2008-01-11
|title=Spate of Executions and Amputations in Iran
|publisher=The New York Times
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/world/middleeast/11iran.html
|accessdate=2021-06-27
}}</ref> amputation was proposed, was formerly used, or is currently used to punish people who committed crimes.<ref name="Chuback 2005">{{REFconference
|last=Chuback
|first=Jennifer E.
|init=JE
|date=2005-03
|editor-last=Whitelaw
|editor-first=W.A.
|title=The history of rhinoplasty
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/16854023
|conference=14th Annual History of Medicine Days
|publisher={{UNI|University of Calgary|UCalgary}}
|place=Calgary, Alberta, Canada
|pages=10–15
|via=ResearchGate
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kocharkarn
|first=Wachira
|init=W
|date=2000-08
|title=Traumatic amputation of the penis
|url=http://brazjurol.com.br/pdf/kochakarn_385_389.pdf
|journal=Brazilian Journal of Urology
|volume=26
|pages=385–389
|via=Official Journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Peters
|first=Rudolph
|init=R
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im95I7FjrvwC&q=amputation+punishment&pg=PR7
|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century
|year=2005
|publisher={{UNI|Cambridge University|UCam}} Press
|isbn=9780521792264
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Bosmia
|init=AN
|last2=Griessenauer
|init2=CJ
|last3=Tubbs
|init3=RS
|title=Yubitsume: ritualistic self-amputation of proximal digits among the Yakuza
|journal=Journal of Injury and Violence Research
|volume=6
|issue=2
|pages=54–6
|date=2014-07
|pubmedID=24284812
|pubmedCID4009169
|DOI=10.5249/jivr.v6i2.489
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Kepe
|init=T
|title='Secrets' that kill: crisis, custodianship and responsibility in ritual male circumcision in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
|journal=Social Science & Medicine
|volume=70
|issue=5
|pages=729–35
|date=2010-03
|pubmedID=20053494
|DOI=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.016
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Grisaru
|init=N
|last2=Lezer
|init2=S
|last3=Belmaker
|init3=RH
|title=Ritual female genital surgery among Ethiopian Jews
|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior
|volume=26
|issue=2
|pages=211–5
|date=1997-04
|pubmedID=9101034
|DOI=10.1023/a:1024562512475
}}</ref> When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an "amputator".<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputator
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputator
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Amputee
|publisher=Merriam-Webster
|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amputee
|accessdate=2021-06-28
}}</ref><ref name="WP"/>
== Types related to [[HGM]] ==
The Wikipedia article ''Amputation''<ref name="WP"/> lists various types of amputation, for legs, arms, and other body parts. In relation to genital mutilation, the following amputation types are of relevance:
=== Genitals ===
* Amputation of the testicles (castration).
* Amputation of the [[penis]] ([[penectomy]]).
* Amputation of the [[foreskin]] ([[circumcision]]).
* Amputation of the [[clitoris]] ([[clitoridectomy]]).
== Neurological disorders related to amputation ==
=== Acrotomophilia ===
'''Acrotomophilia''' refers to a paraphilia in which an individual expresses strong sexual interest in amputees.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Solvang
|init=P
|date=2007
|title=The amputee body desired: Beauty destabilized? Disability re-valued?
|journal=Sex and Disability
|volume=25
|pages=51–64
}}</ref>
=== Apotemnophilia ===
'''Apotemnophilia''' is a neurological disorder in which otherwise sane and rational individuals express a strong and specific desire for the [[amputation]] of a healthy limb or limbs.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Everaerd
|init=W
|date=1983
|title=A Case of Apotemnophilia: A Handicap as Sexual Preference
|journal=American Journal of Psychotherapy
|volume=37
|pages=285–293
}}</ref> There is often a sexual interest in becoming an amputee.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Brang
|init=G
|date=2008
|title=Apotemnophilia: A Neurological Disorder
|journal=Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology
|volume=19
|pages=1305-6
}}</ref>
One of the piers of [[circumfetishist]] [[Jake Waskett]] said: “Some of us who do get erotic and sexual gratification out of not only the finished product, but also the procedure itself.” The “finished product” is the sexual interest in becoming an amputee and the “procedure itself” is akin to the [[Jake_H._Waskett/Editorial#Cognitive_dissonance_.28free_thought_paradigm.29|IKEA effect that was previously discussed]].
=== Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) ===
Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID), formerly known as Amputee Identity Disorder, is a neurological and psychological disorder that makes sufferers feel they would be happier living as an amputee. It is typically accompanied by the desire to amputate one or more healthy limbs to achieve that end.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Large
|init=MM
|date=2007-10
|title=Body identity disorder
|journal=Psychol Med
|volume=37
|issue=10
|page=1513; author reply 1513–4
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Beschneidung]]
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Begriff]]
[[en:Amputation]]