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created from English and partly translated
{{NYT en}}
In 2005 and 2007, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove a hypothesis of certain [[circumcision advocate|circumcision promoters]] despite the known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] of the [[foreskin]], to link HIV infection to lack of [[circumcision]].
These trials were carried out in
* South Africa:
: {{RCT Auvert et al 2005}}
* Kenya:
: {{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}
* Uganda:
: {{RCT Gray et al 2007}}
The 2007 RCTs in Kenya and Uganda were funded by NIAID director [[Anthony Fauci]].
== 60% HIV protection myth ==
These RCTs are the cause of the false and long since disproved claim that [[circumcision]] would offer a 60% better protection against HIV than uncircumcised people have.
== Refutation ==
Green et al. (2008), in a preliminary report, published a long list of methodological issues with the RCTs.<ref name="green2008">{{REFjournal
|last=Green
|first=Lawrence W.
|init=LW
|author-link=
|last2=McAllister
|first2=Ryan S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Ryan McAllister
|last3=Peterson
|first3=Kent W.
|init3=KW
|author3-link=
|last4=Travis
|first4=John W.
|init4=JR
|author4-link=John W. Travis
|etal=no
|title=Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for!
|journal=Future HIV Therapy
|date=2008
|volume=2
|issue=3
|pages=193-9
|url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
|DOI=10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
|accessdate=2021-11-29
}}</ref>
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=Robert S.
|init=RS
|author-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last2=Boyle
|first2=Gregory J.
|init2=GJ
|author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|etal=no
|title=Meta-analysis of HIV-acquisition studies incomplete and unstable
|journal=BJU Int
|date=2018-10-31
|url=https://www.bjuinternational.com/letters/meta-analysis-circumcision-incomplete-unstable/
|quote=Given the effectiveness of condoms, the lack of consistent findings on national levels, the methodologically flawed RCTs, the lack of translational research, and the impressive potential uptake and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis, circumcision as an intervention to prevent HIV infection should be treated with greater scepticism.
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-11-24
}}</ref>
Two massive populalation studies found no evidence of a protective effect from circumcision.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
|journal=J Urol
|date=2021-09-23
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|pubmedID=34551593
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|accessdate=2022-01-07
}}</ref><ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Fehlerhafte Studie]]
[[Kategorie:Mythos]]
[[Kategorie:Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Kenia]]
[[Kategorie:Südafrika]]
[[Kategorie:Uganda]]
[[en:HIV trials in Africa]]
In 2005 and 2007, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were carried out in Africa in an attempt to prove a hypothesis of certain [[circumcision advocate|circumcision promoters]] despite the known [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological functions]] of the [[foreskin]], to link HIV infection to lack of [[circumcision]].
These trials were carried out in
* South Africa:
: {{RCT Auvert et al 2005}}
* Kenya:
: {{RCT Bailey et al 2007}}
* Uganda:
: {{RCT Gray et al 2007}}
The 2007 RCTs in Kenya and Uganda were funded by NIAID director [[Anthony Fauci]].
== 60% HIV protection myth ==
These RCTs are the cause of the false and long since disproved claim that [[circumcision]] would offer a 60% better protection against HIV than uncircumcised people have.
== Refutation ==
Green et al. (2008), in a preliminary report, published a long list of methodological issues with the RCTs.<ref name="green2008">{{REFjournal
|last=Green
|first=Lawrence W.
|init=LW
|author-link=
|last2=McAllister
|first2=Ryan S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Ryan McAllister
|last3=Peterson
|first3=Kent W.
|init3=KW
|author3-link=
|last4=Travis
|first4=John W.
|init4=JR
|author4-link=John W. Travis
|etal=no
|title=Male circumcision is not the HIV ‘vaccine’ we have been waiting for!
|journal=Future HIV Therapy
|date=2008
|volume=2
|issue=3
|pages=193-9
|url=http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/full/10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
|DOI=10.2217/17469600.2.3.193
|accessdate=2021-11-29
}}</ref>
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=Robert S.
|init=RS
|author-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last2=Boyle
|first2=Gregory J.
|init2=GJ
|author2-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|etal=no
|title=Meta-analysis of HIV-acquisition studies incomplete and unstable
|journal=BJU Int
|date=2018-10-31
|url=https://www.bjuinternational.com/letters/meta-analysis-circumcision-incomplete-unstable/
|quote=Given the effectiveness of condoms, the lack of consistent findings on national levels, the methodologically flawed RCTs, the lack of translational research, and the impressive potential uptake and effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis, circumcision as an intervention to prevent HIV infection should be treated with greater scepticism.
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-11-24
}}</ref>
Two massive populalation studies found no evidence of a protective effect from circumcision.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Hamilton
|first2=Robert J.
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Juurlink
|first3=David N.
|init3=DN
|author3-link=
|last4=Austin
|first4=Peter C.
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Jarvi
|first5=Keith A.
|init5=KA
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
|journal=J Urol
|date=2021-09-23
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
|pubmedID=34551593
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
|accessdate=2022-01-07
}}</ref><ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Fehlerhafte Studie]]
[[Kategorie:Mythos]]
[[Kategorie:Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Kenia]]
[[Kategorie:Südafrika]]
[[Kategorie:Uganda]]
[[en:HIV trials in Africa]]