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Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „{{NYT en}} {{GraphicWarning}} {{Baustelle}} Image:Keratinization_intact_vs_circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|200px| The glans and mucosa of intact and circumc…“
{{NYT en}}
{{GraphicWarning}}
{{Baustelle}}
[[Image:Keratinization_intact_vs_circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|200px| The glans and mucosa of intact and circumcised human penises in adult males.]]
'''Keratinization''' is the process whereby the surface of the [[glans]] and remaining [[preputial mucosa| mucosa]] of the circumcised penis become dry, toughened and hard. Normally, the glans is covered by the [[foreskin]], which moisturizes the area by [[transudation]], keeping the surface of the glans and inner mucosa moist and supple. After circumcision, however, the glans and surrounding mucosa become permanently externalized, and they are exposed to the air and the constant abrasion of clothing. These areas dry out, causing layers of keratin to build, giving the glans and remaining mucosa a dry, leathery appearance and reducing sensation.
== Keratin as "Protection" ==
It was hypothesized in the past that the layers of keratin resulting from circumcision provided a barrier of protection against sexually transmitted diseases. In 1986, [[Aaron J. Fink]] invented the idea that circumcision could prevent the transmission of HIV, arguing that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans mucosa of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>Fink, Aaron J. "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with AIDS." ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 315, 18 (1986): 1167</ref>
Recent studies have shown this hypothesis to be false. One study found that there is "no difference between the keratinization of the inner and outer aspects of the adult male foreskin," and that "keratin layers alone were unlikely to explain why uncircumcised men are at higher risk for HIV infection."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Dinh
|first=MH
|last2=McRaven
|first2=M.D.
|last3=Kelley
|first3=Z.
|last4=Penugonda
|first4=S.
|last5=Hope
|first5=T.J.
|title=Keratinization of the adult male foreskin and implications for male circumcision
|journal=AIDS
|volume=24
|issue=6
|pages=899-906
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098294
|quote=
|pubmedID=20098294
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2010-03-27
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Another study found that "no difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin."<!-- <ref>{{REFcontribution
| contribution=HIV-1 Interactions and Infection in Adult Male Foreskin Explant Cultures
| quote=No difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin.
| url=http://retroconference.org/2009/PDFs/502.pdf
| title=16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
| author=Minh H Dinh; Sheila M Barry, Meegan R Anderson, Scott G McCoombe, Shetha A Shukair, Michael D McRaven, Thomas J Hope
| publisher=
| place=Montreal, Canada
| pages=
| date=2009-12-06
| accessdate=2011-06-28
}}</ref>--> Be that as it may, this hypothesis continues to be popular among researchers who advocate for circumcision as STD prevention.
Higher incidence of [[Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)| HIV infection]] is found in circumcised men who lack the immunological protection of the [[foreskin]] and its [[Langerhans cells]].
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Physiology]]
[[Kategorie:Penile disorders]]
[[Kategorie:Von Intactipedia]]
[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]
[[en:Keratinization]]
{{GraphicWarning}}
{{Baustelle}}
[[Image:Keratinization_intact_vs_circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|200px| The glans and mucosa of intact and circumcised human penises in adult males.]]
'''Keratinization''' is the process whereby the surface of the [[glans]] and remaining [[preputial mucosa| mucosa]] of the circumcised penis become dry, toughened and hard. Normally, the glans is covered by the [[foreskin]], which moisturizes the area by [[transudation]], keeping the surface of the glans and inner mucosa moist and supple. After circumcision, however, the glans and surrounding mucosa become permanently externalized, and they are exposed to the air and the constant abrasion of clothing. These areas dry out, causing layers of keratin to build, giving the glans and remaining mucosa a dry, leathery appearance and reducing sensation.
== Keratin as "Protection" ==
It was hypothesized in the past that the layers of keratin resulting from circumcision provided a barrier of protection against sexually transmitted diseases. In 1986, [[Aaron J. Fink]] invented the idea that circumcision could prevent the transmission of HIV, arguing that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans mucosa of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>Fink, Aaron J. "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with AIDS." ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 315, 18 (1986): 1167</ref>
Recent studies have shown this hypothesis to be false. One study found that there is "no difference between the keratinization of the inner and outer aspects of the adult male foreskin," and that "keratin layers alone were unlikely to explain why uncircumcised men are at higher risk for HIV infection."<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Dinh
|first=MH
|last2=McRaven
|first2=M.D.
|last3=Kelley
|first3=Z.
|last4=Penugonda
|first4=S.
|last5=Hope
|first5=T.J.
|title=Keratinization of the adult male foreskin and implications for male circumcision
|journal=AIDS
|volume=24
|issue=6
|pages=899-906
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20098294
|quote=
|pubmedID=20098294
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2010-03-27
|accessdate=
}}</ref> Another study found that "no difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin."<!-- <ref>{{REFcontribution
| contribution=HIV-1 Interactions and Infection in Adult Male Foreskin Explant Cultures
| quote=No difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin.
| url=http://retroconference.org/2009/PDFs/502.pdf
| title=16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
| author=Minh H Dinh; Sheila M Barry, Meegan R Anderson, Scott G McCoombe, Shetha A Shukair, Michael D McRaven, Thomas J Hope
| publisher=
| place=Montreal, Canada
| pages=
| date=2009-12-06
| accessdate=2011-06-28
}}</ref>--> Be that as it may, this hypothesis continues to be popular among researchers who advocate for circumcision as STD prevention.
Higher incidence of [[Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)| HIV infection]] is found in circumcised men who lack the immunological protection of the [[foreskin]] and its [[Langerhans cells]].
{{REF}}
[[Kategorie:Physiology]]
[[Kategorie:Penile disorders]]
[[Kategorie:Von Intactipedia]]
[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]
[[en:Keratinization]]