Standpunkte zur Beschneidung von Säuglingen - Versionsgeschichte

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2022-06-15T07:49:04Z

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WikiAdmin: translated SEEALSO

2022-06-14T13:25:59Z

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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
	* [[~~Circumcision study flaws~~]]		* [[Mängel der Beschneidungsstudie]]

	{{LINKS}}		{{LINKS}}

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2022-06-14T11:36:09Z

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	\|accessdate=2020-06-25		\|accessdate=2020-06-25
	}}</ref>}}		}}</ref>}}

	~~{{NYT en}}~~

	=== Der Berufsgenossenschaftspakt ===		=== Der Berufsgenossenschaftspakt ===
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	Die Beschneidungspolitik der amerikanischen Ärzteverbände befindet sich derzeit im Chaos.		Die Beschneidungspolitik der amerikanischen Ärzteverbände befindet sich derzeit im Chaos.

	Die drei Wirtschaftsverbände, deren Mitglieder von der Durchführung der nichttherapeutischen Beschneidung von Jungen profitieren, schlossen 2007 einen Pakt, um eine Beschneidungserklärung zu erstellen, die [[~~Zahlungen Dritter~~]] für die nichttherapeutische Beschneidung schützen würde. Die drei Fachverbände sind:		Die drei Wirtschaftsverbände, deren Mitglieder von der Durchführung der nichttherapeutischen Beschneidung von Jungen profitieren, schlossen 2007 einen Pakt, um eine Beschneidungserklärung zu erstellen, die die [[Kostenübernahme]] für die nichttherapeutische Beschneidung schützen würde. Die drei Fachverbände sind:

	* [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] (ACOG)		* [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] (ACOG)
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	* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP)		* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP)

	===American Academy of Pediatrics===		=== American Academy of Pediatrics ===
	~~The~~ American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ~~would take the lead and create a task force to draft a new statement~~. ~~It would have representatives from~~ AAFP ~~and~~ ACOG. ~~The monetary intent of the~~ AAP, ACOG~~, and~~ AAFP ~~is made clear by the appointment of medical insurance specialist~~ Steven Wegner, {{MD}}, {{JD}}, ~~representing the~~ AAP ~~Committee on Child Health Financing~~, ~~to the task force~~.		Die American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) übernahm die Führung und setzte eine Task Force ein, um eine neue Erklärung zu entwerfen. Vertreter von AAFP und ACOG sollten dabei sein. Die finanzielle Absicht von AAP, ACOG und AAFP wird durch die Ernennung des Krankenversicherungsspezialisten Steven Wegner, {{MD}}, {{JD}}, als Vertreter des AAP-Ausschusses für die Finanzierung der Gesundheit von Kindern, in die Task Force verdeutlicht.

	~~The~~ AAP ~~released its two-part statement~~<ref name="2012policy">{{REFjournal		Die AAP veröffentlichte ihre zweiteilige Erklärung im Jahr 2012<ref name="2012policy">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Task Force on Circumcision		\|last=Task Force on Circumcision
	\|etal=no		\|etal=no
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	\|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1989		\|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1989
	\|accessdate=2020-08-26		\|accessdate=2020-08-26
	}}</ref> <ref name="2012technicalreport">{{REFjournal		}}</ref><ref name="2012technicalreport">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Task Force on Circumcision		\|last=Task Force on Circumcision
	\|etal=no		\|etal=no
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	\|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1990		\|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1990
	\|accessdate=2020-06-26		\|accessdate=2020-06-26
	}}</ref> ~~in 2012 and it was immediately endorsed by~~ ACOG ~~and~~ AAFP, ~~who put up similar statements on their websites~~.		}}</ref> und sie wurde sofort von ACOG und AAFP unterstützt, die ähnliche Erklärungen auf ihren Websites veröffentlichten.

	~~The statement immediately received scathing~~, ~~withering critical comment from many sources~~,<ref>{{REFweb		Die Erklärung erhielt sofort vernichtende, vernichtende kritische Kommentare aus vielen Quellen,<ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/news/news48.html#aap12		\|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/news/news48.html#aap12
	\|title=Intactivism News		\|title=Intactivism News
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	\|format=		\|format=
	\|quote=		\|quote=
	}}</ref> ~~including~~ [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]],<ref>{{REFweb		}}</ref> darunter [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]], <ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/commentary-on-american-academy-of-pediatrics-2012-circumcision-policy-statement.pdf		\|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/commentary-on-american-academy-of-pediatrics-2012-circumcision-policy-statement.pdf
	\|title=Commentary on American Academy of Pediatrics2012 Circumcision Policy Statement		\|title=Commentary on American Academy of Pediatrics2012 Circumcision Policy Statement
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	\|format=		\|format=
	\|quote=The 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement was created by a team put together for the specific purpose of protecting the goose that lays golden eggs for the American medical industry. None of the members had any specific expertise in circumcision and their document suggests they knew little or nothing about the anatomy and utility of the human foreskin. They claimed to have studied voluminous literature, but ignored older and more useful studies, and cherry-picked the medical oeuvre.		\|quote=The 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement was created by a team put together for the specific purpose of protecting the goose that lays golden eggs for the American medical industry. None of the members had any specific expertise in circumcision and their document suggests they knew little or nothing about the anatomy and utility of the human foreskin. They claimed to have studied voluminous literature, but ignored older and more useful studies, and cherry-picked the medical oeuvre.
	}}</ref> ~~an association of European doctors~~,<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> eine Vereinigung europäischer Ärzte,<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Frisch		\|last=Frisch
	\|init=M		\|init=M
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	\|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-2896		\|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-2896
	\|accessdate=2025-06-25		\|accessdate=2025-06-25
	}}</ref> ~~and others~~.<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> und andere.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Steven		\|last=Steven
	\|init=JS		\|init=JS
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	\|DOI=0.1136/medethics-2013-101346		\|DOI=0.1136/medethics-2013-101346
	\|accessdate=2020-06-25		\|accessdate=2020-06-25
	}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref><ref>Beispiel: {{REFjournal
	\|last=Van Howe		\|last=Van Howe
	\|first=Robert S.		\|first=Robert S.
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	\|DOI=10.1111/bioe.12363		\|DOI=10.1111/bioe.12363
	\|accessdate=2020-06-26		\|accessdate=2020-06-26
	}}		}}</ref>

	~~Example</ref>~~		Die AAP-Standardrichtlinie sieht vor, dass ihre Richtlinienerklärung nach fünf Jahren abläuft, sofern sie nicht erneut bestätigt wird. Die Grundsatzerklärung der AAP zur Beschneidung lief im September 2017 aus, wurde aber nicht erneut bestätigt, sodass die AAP jetzt „keine“ offizielle Position zur Beschneidung hat, obwohl sie weiterhin aus der abgelaufenen Erklärung zitiert.

	~~The~~ AAP ~~standard policy is for their policy statement to expire after five years unless re~~-~~affirmed~~. The AAP circumcision policy statement expired in September 2017 but has not been re-affirmed, so the AAP now has ''no'' official position on circumcision, although it continues to quote from the expired statement.		Die anderen beiden Berufsverbände haben Aussagen, die auf der abgelaufenen AAP-Erklärung basieren. Sind sie immer noch repräsentativ für die Meinung dieser Wirtschaftsverbände? Niemand weiß.

	~~The other two trade association have statements that are based on the expired AAP statement. Are they still representative of the opinion of those trade associations? No one knows.~~		=== American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ===

	===American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists===

			{{NYT en}}
	Obstetricians are doctors for female patients. They deliver babies so they get the first opportunity to profit from doing circumcision of a baby boy. Although males are outside of the scope of practice of Ob-Gyn, Although its embarrassingly bad statement regarding non-therapeutic infant male circumcision now has been deleted from its website, ACOG still prints and sells promotional pamphlets to its member physicians.		Obstetricians are doctors for female patients. They deliver babies so they get the first opportunity to profit from doing circumcision of a baby boy. Although males are outside of the scope of practice of Ob-Gyn, Although its embarrassingly bad statement regarding non-therapeutic infant male circumcision now has been deleted from its website, ACOG still prints and sells promotional pamphlets to its member physicians.

WikiAdmin: /* The trade associations pact */ translated

2022-06-14T11:23:54Z

The trade associations pact: translated

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	{{NYT en}}		{{NYT en}}

	===~~The trade associations pact~~===		=== Der Berufsgenossenschaftspakt ===

	~~The circumcision policies of American medical trade associations are currently in chaos~~.		Die Beschneidungspolitik der amerikanischen Ärzteverbände befindet sich derzeit im Chaos.

	~~The three trade associations~~, ~~whose member profit by carrying out non-therapeutic circumcision of boys formed a pact in~~ 2007 ~~to create a circumcision statement that would protect~~ [[~~third-party payment~~]] ~~for non-therapeutic circumcision~~. ~~The three trade associations are~~:		Die drei Wirtschaftsverbände, deren Mitglieder von der Durchführung der nichttherapeutischen Beschneidung von Jungen profitieren, schlossen 2007 einen Pakt, um eine Beschneidungserklärung zu erstellen, die [[Zahlungen Dritter]] für die nichttherapeutische Beschneidung schützen würde. Die drei Fachverbände sind:

	* [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists~~\| American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist~~]]s (ACOG)		* [[American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] (ACOG)
	* [[American Academy of Family Physicians]] (AAFP)		* [[American Academy of Family Physicians]] (AAFP)
	* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP)		* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP)

WikiAdmin: sync'ed with English article and partly translated

2022-06-14T11:11:52Z

sync'ed with English article and partly translated

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{{NYT en}}

{{Veraltet}}

Perhaps the most shocking fact is that circumcision continues to be practiced in the United States even though no official western medical organization in the world recommends it. The Royal Dutch Medical Society, The British Medical Association, the Canadian Pediatric Society, and the Royal Australian College of Physicians have all made official policy statements against circumcision. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American Urological Association all do not recommend circumcision, and are in agreement that there are no proven benefits.

The trend of opinion on routine male circumcision is overwhelmingly negative in industrialized nations. No respected medical board in the world recommends circumcision for infants, not even in the name of HIV prevention. They must all point to the risks, and they must all state that there is no convincing evidence that the benefits outweigh these risks. To do otherwise would be to take an unfounded position against the best medical authorities of the West.

== United States of America ==

{{Zitat
|Titel=
|Text=The British Medical Association has a longstanding recommendation that circumcision should be performed only for medical reasons... Recent policy statements issued by professional societies representing Australian, Canadian, and American pediatricians do not recommend routine circumcision of male newborns.
|Autor=American Medical Association
|Quelle=official website
|ref=<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml
|title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision
|last=
|first=
|publisher=American Medical Association
|date=
|accessdate=2011-05-04
}}</ref>}}

{{Zitat
|Text=...benefits are not sufficient for the American Academy of Pediatrics to recommend that all infant boys be circumcised.
|Autor=American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
|Quelle=official website
|ref=<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx
|title=Where We Stand: Circumcision
|last=
|first=
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|date=
|accessdate=2011-03-23
}}</ref>
}}

{{Zitat
|Text=...the association between having a sexually transmitted disease (STD) - excluding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and being circumcised are inconclusive... most of the studies [of the effect of circumcision on HIV] ...have been conducted in developing countries, particularly those in Africa. Because of the challenges with maintaining good hygiene and access to condoms, these results are probably not generalizable to the U.S. population
|Autor=[[American Academy of Family Physicians]] (AAFP)
|Quelle=official website
|ref=<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html
|title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed
|last=
|first=
|publisher=AAFP
|date=
|accessdate=2011-05-02
}}</ref>
}}

== Kanada ==

{{Zitat
|Text=Current understanding of the benefits, risks and potential harm of this procedure no longer supports this practice for prophylactic health benefit. Routine infant male circumcision performed on a healthy infant is now considered a non-therapeutic and medically unnecessary intervention.
|Autor=College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
|Quelle=
}}

{{Zitat
|Text=[We] do not support recommending circumcision as a routine procedure for newborns.

Circumcision of newborns should not be routinely performed.
|Autor=The Canadian Paediatric Society
|Quelle=
|ref=<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=
|first=
|title=Neonatal circumcision revisited. Fetus and Newborn Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society
|journal=CMAJ
|volume=154
|issue=6
|pages=769-80
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=8634956
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=1996-03
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
}}

== Großbritannien ==

{{Zitat
|Text=The BMA considers that the evidence concerning health benefits from non-therapeutic circumcision is insufficient for this alone to be a justification for doing it.
|Autor=The British Medical Association
|Quelle=
}}

== Australien ==

The Royal Australasian College of Physicians stated in 2010 that the foreskin "exists to protect the glans" and that it is a "primary sensory part of the penis, containing some of the most sensitive areas of the penis."<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E
|title=Circumcision of infant males
|last=
|first=
|publisher=[[RACP]]
|date=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>

According to the Australasian Academy of Paediatric Surgeons:

{{Zitat
|Text=The Australasian Association of Paediatric Surgeons does not support the routine circumcision of male neonates, infants or children in Australia. It is considered to be inappropriate and unnecessary as a routine to remove the prepuce, based on the current evidence available.

We do not support the removal of a normal part of the body, unless there are definite indications to justify the complications and risks which may arise. In particular, we are opposed to male children being subjected to a procedure, which had they been old enough to consider the advantages and disadvantages, may well have opted to reject the operation and retain their prepuce.

Neonatal male circumcision has no medical indication. It is a traumatic procedure performed without anaesthesia to remove a normal functional and protective prepuce. At birth, the prepuce has not separated from the underlying glans and must be forcibly torn apart to deliver the glans, prior to removal of the prepuce distal to the coronal groove.
|Autor=J. Fred Leditshke
|Quelle=
|ref=<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aaps/
|title=Guidelines for Circumcision
|last=
|first=
|publisher=Australasian Association of Paediatric Surgeons
|date=1996
|location=Herston, QLD
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
}}

== Niederlande ==

In the Netherlands, the Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) issued a statement in 2010 stating that "The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organizations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity." Circumcision can cause complications, including infection and bleeding, and are asking doctors to insistently inform parents that the procedure lacks medical benefits and has a danger of complications. In addition to there not being any convincing evidence that circumcision is necessary or useful for hygiene or prevention, circumcision is not justifiable and is reasonable to put off until an age where any risk is relevant, and the boy can decide himself about possible intervention, or opt for available alternatives. They went on to say "There are good reasons for a legal prohibition of non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors, as exists for female genital mutilation."<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity.
|url=http://knmg.artsennet.nl/Diensten/knmgpublicaties/KNMGpublicatie/Nontherapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-2010.htm
|title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors
|last=
|first=
|publisher=
|date=2010
|accessdate=2011-09-01
}}</ref>

{{REF}}

[[Kategorie:Von Intactipedia]]
[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]

[[en:Position statements on infant circumcision]]