Skrotum - Versionsgeschichte

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2022-06-27T09:18:18Z

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← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 27. Juni 2022, 09:18 Uhr
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	~~{{NYT en}}~~		[[File:Gray1143.png\|thumb\|Diagramm des Hodensacks. Auf der linken Seite ist die Höhle der Tunica vaginalis eröffnet; auf der rechten Seite wurden nur die Schichten oberflächlich des Cremaster-Muskels entfernt.]]
	[[File:Gray1143.png\|thumb\|~~Diagram of the scrotum~~. ~~On the left side the cavity of the tunica~~ vaginalis ~~has been opened~~; ~~on the right side only the layers superficial to the~~ Cremaster ~~muscle have been removed~~.]]		Der '''Hodensack''' findet sich bei den meisten männlichen Säugetieren, einschließlich Menschen. Es ist der Sack, der die Hoden enthält. Beim Menschen hängt der Hodensack direkt unter dem [[Penis]]. Es wird wie folgt beschrieben:
	~~The~~ '''~~scrotum~~''' ~~is found in most male mammals~~, ~~including humans~~. ~~It is the sack that contains the testes~~. ~~In humans the scrotum hangs just below the~~ [[~~penis~~]]. ~~It is described as follows~~:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	~~the pouch that contains the testes and their accessory organs~~. ~~It is composed of~~ [[~~skin~~]], ~~the tunica~~ dartos, ~~fascia, and the tunica~~ vaginalis testis. ~~Each testis is connected to a cremaster muscle descending from the abdominal wall~~. ~~During cold weather these muscles draw the testes closer to the body to maintain their temperature~~, ~~and in hot weather the reverse occurs~~; ~~the scrotum usually follows this movement~~.<ref>{{REFweb		der Beutel, der die Hoden und ihre Nebenorgane enthält. Es besteht aus [[Haut]], der Tunica dartos, Fascia und der Tunica vaginalis testis. Jeder Hoden ist mit einem Cremaster-Muskel verbunden, der von der Bauchdecke absteigt. Bei kaltem Wetter ziehen diese Muskeln die Hoden näher an den Körper, um ihre Temperatur zu halten, und bei heißem Wetter tritt das Gegenteil ein; der Hodensack folgt normalerweise dieser Bewegung.<ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scrotum		\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scrotum
	\|title=Scrotum		\|title=Scrotum
Zeile 12:		Zeile 11:

	== Funktion ==		== Funktion ==
	[[File:HQ SAM ST2.jpg\|thumb\|~~Human scrotum~~ in ~~a relaxed state~~ (~~left~~) ~~and a tense state~~ (~~right~~)]]		[[File:HQ SAM ST2.jpg\|thumb\|Menschlicher Hodensack in entspanntem Zustand (links) und angespanntem Zustand (rechts)]]
	{{WikipediaZitat \|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrótum \|titel=Scrótum}}		{{WikipediaZitat \|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrótum \|titel=Scrótum}}

	<blockquote>~~The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes and maintains it at~~ 35 ~~degrees~~ Celsius (95 ~~degrees~~ Fahrenheit), ~~i.e. two or three degrees below the body temperature of~~ 37 ~~degrees~~ Celsius (99 ~~degrees~~ Fahrenheit). ~~Higher temperatures affect spermatogenesis~~<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989">{{REFbook		<blockquote>Der Hodensack reguliert die Temperatur der Hoden und hält sie auf 35 Grad Celsius (95 Grad Fahrenheit), also zwei bis drei Grad unter der Körpertemperatur von 37 Grad Celsius (99 Grad Fahrenheit). Höhere Temperaturen beeinträchtigen die Spermatogenese.<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989">{{REFbook
	\|last=Van de Graaff		\|last=Van de Graaff
	\|first=Kent M.		\|first=Kent M.
Zeile 28:		Zeile 27:
	\|date=1989		\|date=1989
	\|pages=935-6		\|pages=935-6
	}}</ref>. Temperature control is accomplished by the smooth muscles of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the cremaster muscle in the abdomen and the [[~~dartos~~]] ~~fascia~~ (~~muscular tissue under the [[skin]]~~).<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>		}}</ref> Die Temperaturregelung wird durch die glatten Muskeln des Hodensacks erreicht, die die Hoden abhängig von der Umgebungstemperatur entweder näher an den Bauch oder weiter davon weg bewegen. Dies wird durch den Cremaster-Muskel im Unterleib und die [[Dartos]]-Faszie (Muskelgewebe unter der Haut) erreicht.<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>

	~~Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages~~. ~~The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure~~. ~~This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization~~<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>. ~~Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. Animals that move at a steady pace~~ – ~~such as elephants, whales~~, ~~and marsupial moles~~ – ~~have internal testes and no scrotum~~.<ref>{{REFweb		Dass der Hodensack und die Hoden außerhalb der Bauchhöhle liegen, kann zusätzliche Vorteile bieten. Der äußere Hodensack wird durch abdominalen Druck nicht beeinflusst. Dies kann die Entleerung der Hoden verhindern, bevor die Spermien für die Befruchtung ausreichend gereift sind.<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/> Ein weiterer Vorteil ist, dass es die Hoden vor Stößen und Kompressionen schützt, die mit einem aktiven Lebensstil verbunden sind. Tiere, die sich in einem gleichmäßigen Tempo bewegen – wie Elefanten, Wale und Beuteltiere – haben innere Hoden und keinen Hodensack.<ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120432.000-science--bumpy-lifestyle-led-to-external-testes.html		\|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120432.000-science--bumpy-lifestyle-led-to-external-testes.html
	\|title=Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes		\|title=Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes
Zeile 36:		Zeile 35:
	\|accessdate=2007-11-06		\|accessdate=2007-11-06
	\|publisher=New Scientist		\|publisher=New Scientist
	}}</ref> ~~Unlike placental mammals, some male marsupials have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis~~,<ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref> Im Gegensatz zu Plazentasäugern haben einige männliche Beuteltiere einen Hodensack vor dem Penis,<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Tyndale-Biscoe		\|last=Tyndale-Biscoe
	\|first=Hugh		\|first=Hugh
Zeile 83:		Zeile 82:
	\|publisher=UNSW Press		\|publisher=UNSW Press
	\|ISBN=978-0-86840-311-3		\|ISBN=978-0-86840-311-3
	}}</ref> ~~which is not homologous to the scrotum of placental mammals~~,<ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref> der nicht homolog zum Hodensack von Plazentasäugern ist,<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Armati		\|last=Armati
	\|first=Patricia J.		\|first=Patricia J.
Zeile 99:		Zeile 98:
	\|ISBN=978-1-139-45742-2		\|ISBN=978-1-139-45742-2
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
	~~although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum~~.<ref>{{REFbook		obwohl es mehrere Beuteltierarten ohne äußeren Hodensack gibt.<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Tyndale-Biscoe		\|last=Tyndale-Biscoe
	\|first=C. Hugh		\|first=C. Hugh
Zeile 121:		Zeile 120:

	== Hodensack-Verletzung ==		== Hodensack-Verletzung ==
	Bar-Yosef et al. (2019) ~~reported twelve cases of~~ [[~~circumcision~~]] ~~injuries which involved the scrotum during~~ [[Brit ~~Milah\| ritual circumcision~~]]. ~~The injuries were described as~~ "~~mostly superficial~~", ~~however six required treatment under anaesthesia or~~ in ~~the emergency department~~.<ref name="bar-yosef2019">{{REFjournal		Bar-Yosef et al. (2019) berichteten über zwölf Fälle von [[Beschneidung]]-Verletzungen, die den Hodensack während einer [[Brit Mila]rituellen Beschneidung]] betrafen. Die Verletzungen wurden als "größtenteils oberflächlich" beschrieben, sechs mussten jedoch in Narkose oder in der Notaufnahme behandelt werden.<ref name="bar-yosef2019">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Ban-Yosef		\|last=Ban-Yosef
	\|first=		\|first=
Zeile 160:		Zeile 159:
	\|etal=yes		\|etal=yes
	\|title=Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision		\|title=Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision
	\|trans-title=		\|trans-title=Skrotalverletzungen während der Neugeborenenbeschneidung
	\|language=		\|language=Englisch
	\|journal=J Pediatr Urol		\|journal=J Pediatr Urol
	\|location=		\|location=

WikiAdmin: created from English and partly translated

2022-06-26T20:22:09Z

created from English and partly translated

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{{NYT en}}
[[File:Gray1143.png|thumb|Diagram of the scrotum. On the left side the cavity of the tunica vaginalis has been opened; on the right side only the layers superficial to the Cremaster muscle have been removed.]]
The '''scrotum''' is found in most male mammals, including humans. It is the sack that contains the testes. In humans the scrotum hangs just below the [[penis]]. It is described as follows:
<blockquote>
the pouch that contains the testes and their accessory organs. It is composed of [[skin]], the tunica dartos, fascia, and the tunica vaginalis testis. Each testis is connected to a cremaster muscle descending from the abdominal wall. During cold weather these muscles draw the testes closer to the body to maintain their temperature, and in hot weather the reverse occurs; the scrotum usually follows this movement.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scrotum
|title=Scrotum
|publisher=The Free Dictionary
|date=2003
|accessdate=2021-12-21
}}</ref></blockquote>

== Funktion ==
[[File:HQ SAM ST2.jpg|thumb|Human scrotum in a relaxed state (left) and a tense state (right)]]
{{WikipediaZitat |URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrótum |titel=Scrótum}}

<blockquote>The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes and maintains it at 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), i.e. two or three degrees below the body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (99 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures affect spermatogenesis<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989">{{REFbook
|last=Van de Graaff
|first=Kent M.
|init=KM
|last2=Fox
|first2=Stuart Ira
|init2=SI
|title=Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology
|location=Dubuque, {{USSC|IA}}
|publisher=William C. Brown Publishers
|ISBN=978-0697056757
|date=1989
|pages=935-6
}}</ref>. Temperature control is accomplished by the smooth muscles of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the cremaster muscle in the abdomen and the [[dartos]] fascia (muscular tissue under the [[skin]]).<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>

Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages. The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure. This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>. Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. Animals that move at a steady pace – such as elephants, whales, and marsupial moles – have internal testes and no scrotum.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120432.000-science--bumpy-lifestyle-led-to-external-testes.html
|title=Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes
|date=1996-08-17
|accessdate=2007-11-06
|publisher=New Scientist
}}</ref> Unlike placental mammals, some male marsupials have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis,<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Tyndale-Biscoe
|first=Hugh
|init=H
|last2=Renfree
|first2=Marilyn
|init2=M
|year=1987
|date=1987-01-30
|title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|ISBN=978-0-521-33792-2
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Hyman
|first=Libbie Henrietta
|init=LH
|date=1992-15-15
|year=1992
|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
|pages=583–
|ISBN=978-0-226-87013-7
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Jones
|first=Menna
|init=M
|last2=Dickman
|first2=Chris R.
|init2=CR
|last3=Archer
|first3=Michael
|init3=M
|year=2003
|title=Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials
|publisher=Csiro Publishing
|ISBN=978-0-643-06634-2
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Saunders
|first=Norman
|init=N
|last2=Hinds
|first2=Lyn
|init2=L
|year=1997
|title=Marsupial Biology: Recent Research, New Perspectives
|publisher=UNSW Press
|ISBN=978-0-86840-311-3
}}</ref> which is not homologous to the scrotum of placental mammals,<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Armati
|first=Patricia J.
|init=PJ
|last2=Dickman
|first2=Chris R.
|init2=CR
|last3=Hume
|first3=Ian D.
|init3=ID
|date=2006-08-17
|year=2006
|title=Marsupials
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|ISBN=978-1-139-45742-2
}}</ref>
although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Tyndale-Biscoe
|first=C. Hugh
|init=CH
|year=2005
|title=Life of Marsupials
|publisher=Csiro Publishing
|ISBN=978-0-643-06257-3
}}</ref> In humans, the scrotum may provide some friction during intercourse, helping to enhance the activity.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Jones
|first=Richard
|init=R
|year=2013
|title=Human Reproductive Biology
|publisher=Academic Press
|page=74
|ISBN=9780123821850
|quote=The rear-entry position of mating may allow the scrotum to stimulate the clitoris and, in this way, may produce an orgasm ...
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Hodensack-Verletzung ==
Bar-Yosef et al. (2019) reported twelve cases of [[circumcision]] injuries which involved the scrotum during [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]]. The injuries were described as "mostly superficial", however six required treatment under anaesthesia or in the emergency department.<ref name="bar-yosef2019">{{REFjournal
|last=Ban-Yosef
|first=
|init=Y
|author-link=
|last2=Dekalo
|first2=
|init2=S
|author2-link=
|last3=Bar-Yaakov
|first3=
|init3=N
|author3-link=
|last4=Binyamini
|first4=
|init4=J6
|author4-link=
|last5=Sofer
|first5=
|init5=M
|author5-link=
|last6=Ben-Chaim
|first6=
|init6=J
|author6-link=
|last7=
|first7=
|init7=
|author7-link=
|last8=
|first8=
|init8=
|author8-link=
|last9=
|first9=
|init9=
|author9-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Pediatr Urol
|location=
|date=2019-02
|volume=15
|issue=1
|article=
|page=
|pages=69e1-e3
|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1477513118304248
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=30449678
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.10.009
|accessdate=2022-01-18
}}</ref>

{{REF}}

[[Kategorie:Anatomie des Penis]]

[[en:Scrotum]]