Metzitzah b'peh - Versionsgeschichte

WikiAdmin: REFjournal uses key

2021-11-28T11:32:29Z

REFjournal uses <init> key

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 28. November 2021, 11:32 Uhr
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	\|last=Holt		\|last=Holt
	\|first=L. Emmett		\|first=L. Emmett
			\|init=LE
	\|title=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision		\|title=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision
	\|trans-title=Tuberkulose durch rituelle Beschneidung zugezogen		\|trans-title=Tuberkulose durch rituelle Beschneidung zugezogen
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	}}</ref> Es ist dokumentiert, dass diese Praxis ein ernstes Risiko für die Ausbreitung von [[Herpes]] auf das Kind darstellt.<ref name="Gesundheit">{{REFjournal		}}</ref> Es ist dokumentiert, dass diese Praxis ein ernstes Risiko für die Ausbreitung von [[Herpes]] auf das Kind darstellt.<ref name="Gesundheit">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Gesundheit		\|last=Gesundheit
	\|~~first~~=B.		\|init=B
	\|date=2004-08		\|date=2004-08
	\|title=Neonatal Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection After Jewish Ritual Circumcision: Modern Medicine and Religious Tradition		\|title=Neonatal Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection After Jewish Ritual Circumcision: Modern Medicine and Religious Tradition
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	In drei medizinischen Artikeln, die in Israel, Kanada und den USA verfasst wurden, wurde in 11 Fällen von [[Herpes]] bei Neugeborenen eine orale Absaugung nach der [[Beschneidung]] als Ursache festgestellt.<ref name="Gesundheit"/><ref>{{REFjournal		In drei medizinischen Artikeln, die in Israel, Kanada und den USA verfasst wurden, wurde in 11 Fällen von [[Herpes]] bei Neugeborenen eine orale Absaugung nach der [[Beschneidung]] als Ursache festgestellt.<ref name="Gesundheit"/><ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Rubin		\|last=Rubin
	\|~~first~~=~~L.G.~~		\|init=LG
	\|last2=Lanzkowsky		\|last2=Lanzkowsky
	\|~~first2~~=P.		\|init2=P
	\|title=Cutaneous neonatal herpes simplex infection associated with ritual circumcision		\|title=Cutaneous neonatal herpes simplex infection associated with ritual circumcision
	\|journal=Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal		\|journal=Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal
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	}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Distel		\|last=Distel
	\|~~first~~=R.		\|init=R
	\|last2=Hofer		\|last2=Hofer
	\|~~first2~~=V.		\|init2=V
	\|last3=Bogger-Goren		\|last3=Bogger-Goren
	\|~~first3~~=S.		\|init3=S
	\|last4=Shalit		\|last4=Shalit
	\|~~first4~~=I.		\|init4=I
	\|last5=Garty		\|last5=Garty
	\|~~first5~~=~~B.Z.~~		\|init5=BZ
	\|title=Primary genital herpes simplex infection associated with Jewish ritual circumcision		\|title=Primary genital herpes simplex infection associated with Jewish ritual circumcision
	\|journal=Israel Medical Association Journal		\|journal=Israel Medical Association Journal
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	\|format=PDF		\|format=PDF
	}}</ref> Die Forscher stellten fest, dass vor 1997 Neugeborenenberichte über [[Herpes]] in Israel selten waren und dass die jüngsten Vorfälle mit Müttern zu tun hatten, die das Virus selbst trugen.<ref name="Gesundheit"/> Der Rabbiner und Arzt [[Mordechai Halperin]] geht davon aus, dass die "bessere Hygiene und die besseren Lebensbedingungen der jüngeren Generation" die Rate junger israelischer chassidischer Mütter, die das Virus tragen, auf 60]nbsp;% senkten. Er erklärt, dass "das Fehlen von Antikörpern im Blut der Mütter bedeutet, dass ihre neugeborenen Söhne keine solchen Antikörper über die Plazenta erhalten haben und daher anfällig für eine Infektion mit HSV-1 sind."<ref name="Halperin">{{REFjournal		}}</ref> Die Forscher stellten fest, dass vor 1997 Neugeborenenberichte über [[Herpes]] in Israel selten waren und dass die jüngsten Vorfälle mit Müttern zu tun hatten, die das Virus selbst trugen.<ref name="Gesundheit"/> Der Rabbiner und Arzt [[Mordechai Halperin]] geht davon aus, dass die "bessere Hygiene und die besseren Lebensbedingungen der jüngeren Generation" die Rate junger israelischer chassidischer Mütter, die das Virus tragen, auf 60]nbsp;% senkten. Er erklärt, dass "das Fehlen von Antikörpern im Blut der Mütter bedeutet, dass ihre neugeborenen Söhne keine solchen Antikörper über die Plazenta erhalten haben und daher anfällig für eine Infektion mit HSV-1 sind."<ref name="Halperin">{{REFjournal
			\|last=Halperin
	\|first=Mordechai		\|first=Mordechai
	\|~~last~~=~~Halperin~~		\|init=M
	\|author-link=Mordechai Halperin		\|author-link=Mordechai Halperin
	\|translator-first=Yocheved		\|translator-first=Yocheved

WikiAdmin: REFbook uses key

2021-11-27T10:33:29Z

REFbook uses <init> key

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 27. November 2021, 10:33 Uhr
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	\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073118/http://www.thejewishweek.com/top/editletcontent.php3?artid=4591		\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073118/http://www.thejewishweek.com/top/editletcontent.php3?artid=4591
	}}</ref> zusammen mit Briefen von Dr. Wertheimer, dem Chefarzlt des Wiener Allgemeinkrankenhauses. Er führt die Geschichte an, dass ein Mohel (der verdächtigt wurde, [[Herpes]] über Metzizah auf Säuglinge übertragen zu haben) mehrmals überprüft wurde und keine Anzeichen der Krankheit aufwies und dass ein Verbot wegen der "Möglichkeit zukünftiger Infektionen" gefordert wurde.<ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref> zusammen mit Briefen von Dr. Wertheimer, dem Chefarzlt des Wiener Allgemeinkrankenhauses. Er führt die Geschichte an, dass ein Mohel (der verdächtigt wurde, [[Herpes]] über Metzizah auf Säuglinge übertragen zu haben) mehrmals überprüft wurde und keine Anzeichen der Krankheit aufwies und dass ein Verbot wegen der "Möglichkeit zukünftiger Infektionen" gefordert wurde.<ref>{{REFbook
			\|last=Katz
			\|first=Jacob
			\|init=J
	\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vbWAAAAMAAJ&q=divine+law+in+human+hands		\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vbWAAAAMAAJ&q=divine+law+in+human+hands
	\|title=Divine Law in Human Hands		\|title=Divine Law in Human Hands
	\|isbn=978-9652239808		\|isbn=978-9652239808
	~~\|last=Katz~~
	~~\|first=Jacob~~
	\|date=1998		\|date=1998
	}}</ref> [[Moshe Schick]] ({{LifeData\|1807\|1879}}), ein Schüler von Moses Sofer, sagt in seinem Buch Responsa: "She'eilos u'teshuvos Maharam Schick" (Orach Chaim 152), dass Moses Sofer die Entscheidung in diesem speziellen Fall nur getroffen hat, weil der ''Mohel'' sich geweigert hatte, zurückzutreten und weltliche Regierungsverbindungen hatte, die seine Enthebung zugunsten eines anderen Mohels verhinderten und besagten, dass der Heter nicht anderweitig angewendet werden dürfte. Er gibt auch an (''Yoreh Deah'' 244), dass die Praxis möglicherweise eine sinaitische Tradition ist, nach [[Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai]]. Andere Quellen widersprechen dieser Behauptung, wobei Kopien von Moses Sofers Antworten den Rechtsfall oder seine Entscheidung, die nur in einer Situation gelten, nicht erwähnen. Vielmehr macht diese Antwort deutlich, dass ''Metzizah'' eine Gesundheitsmaßnahme war und niemals angewendet werden sollte, wenn ein Gesundheitsrisiko für das Kind besteht.<ref>{{REFweb		}}</ref> [[Moshe Schick]] ({{LifeData\|1807\|1879}}), ein Schüler von Moses Sofer, sagt in seinem Buch Responsa: "She'eilos u'teshuvos Maharam Schick" (Orach Chaim 152), dass Moses Sofer die Entscheidung in diesem speziellen Fall nur getroffen hat, weil der ''Mohel'' sich geweigert hatte, zurückzutreten und weltliche Regierungsverbindungen hatte, die seine Enthebung zugunsten eines anderen Mohels verhinderten und besagten, dass der Heter nicht anderweitig angewendet werden dürfte. Er gibt auch an (''Yoreh Deah'' 244), dass die Praxis möglicherweise eine sinaitische Tradition ist, nach [[Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai]]. Andere Quellen widersprechen dieser Behauptung, wobei Kopien von Moses Sofers Antworten den Rechtsfall oder seine Entscheidung, die nur in einer Situation gelten, nicht erwähnen. Vielmehr macht diese Antwort deutlich, dass ''Metzizah'' eine Gesundheitsmaßnahme war und niemals angewendet werden sollte, wenn ein Gesundheitsrisiko für das Kind besteht.<ref>{{REFweb

WikiAdmin am 26. April 2020 um 11:47 Uhr

2020-04-26T11:47:51Z

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2020-03-29T11:42:55Z

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	[[Kategorie:Judentum]]		[[Kategorie:Judentum]]

WikiAdmin: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „{{NYT en}} '''Metzitzah b'peh''' is a very dangerous Jewish practice that puts the health of the infant boy at risk from infection. Holt (2013) reported tuberc…“

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{{NYT en}}
'''Metzitzah b'peh''' is a very dangerous Jewish practice that puts the health of the infant boy at risk from infection. Holt (2013) reported tubercular ''mohelim'' were infecting infant boys with tuberculosis.<ref name="holt2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Holt
|first=L. Emmett
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=2013
|volume=61
|issue=2
|pages=99-102
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/holt1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-02-29
}}</ref>

{{WikipediaZitat
|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah#Metzitzah_B'Peh_(oral_suction)
|title='''{{FULLPAGENAME}}} (oral suction)'''
}}
<blockquote>The ancient method of performing ''metzitzah b'peh'' (Hebrew: מְצִיצָה בְּפֶה), or oral suction<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522001308/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11539
|archivedate=2007-05-22
|title=City Risking Babies' Lives With Brit Policy: Health Experts
|last=Nussbaum Cohen
|first=Debra
|date=2005-10-14
|publisher=The Jewish Week
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073253/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11833
|title= City Challenged On Ritual Practice
|accessdate=2007-04-19
|last=Nussbaum Cohen
|first=Debra
|first2=Larry
|last2=Cohler-Esses
|date=2005-12-23
|publisher=The Jewish Week
}}</ref>—has become controversial. The process has the ''[[mohel]]'' place his mouth directly on the circumcision wound to draw blood away from the cut. The majority of Jewish circumcision ceremonies do not use metzitzah b'peh,<ref>{{REFnews
|title=N.Y. newborn contracts herpes from controversial circumcision rite
|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency
|date=2014-02-02
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219113240/http://www.jta.org/2014/02/02/news-opinion/united-states/n-y-newborn-contracts-herpes-from-controversial-circumcision-rite
}}</ref> but some Haredi Jews use it.<ref name=haaretz>{{REFnews
|title=Controversial circumcisions
|first=Eliyahu
|last=Fink
|first2=Eliyahu
|last2=Federman
|newspaper=Haaretz
|date=2013-09-29
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210090831/http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.549545
}}</ref><ref name="RCAMetzitzah">{{REFweb
|title=Metzitza Be'Peh – Halachic Clarification
|accessdate=2007-04-06
|date=2005-06-07
|publisher=Rabbinical Council of America
|quote=The poskim consulted by the RCA agree that the normative halacha permits using a glass tube, and that it is proper for mohalim to do so given the health issues involved.
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415221929/http://www.rabbis.org/news/article.cfm?id=100605
}}</ref><ref name="Hartog">{{REFnews
|first=Kelly
|last=Hartog
|title=Death Spotlights Old Circumcision Rite
|newspaper=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles
|date=2005-02-18
|accessdate=2006-11-22
|quote=Metzizah b’peh — loosely translated as oral suction — is the part of the circumcision ceremony where the mohel removes the blood from the baby’s member; these days the removal of the blood is usually done using a sterilized glass tube, instead of with the mouth, as the Talmud suggests.
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213112130/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=13676
}}</ref> It has been documented that the practice poses a serious risk of spreading [[herpes]] to the infant.<ref name="Gesundheit">{{REFjournal
|last=Gesundheit
|first=B.
|date=2004-08
|title=Neonatal Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection After Jewish Ritual Circumcision: Modern Medicine and Religious Tradition
|journal=Pediatrics
|volume=114
|issue=2
|pages=e259–63
|DOI=10.1542/peds.114.2.e259
|accessdate=2006-06-28
|pubmedID=15286266
|issn=1098-4275
|etal=yes
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723081226/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/114/2/e259.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|title=Another Jewish baby has contracted herpes through bris
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042913/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/jewish-baby-contracted-herpes-bris-article-1.2055911
|date=2020-06-08
|publisher=NY Daily News
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082226/http://news.yahoo.com/extreme-orthodox-jewish-circumcision-illegal-093500919.html
|title=Should extreme Orthodox Jewish circumcision be illegal?
|date=2016-03-05
|publisher=The Week
|accessdate=2020-06-30
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|title=NYC, Orthodox Jews in talks over ritual after herpes cases
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710134721/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/21/nyc-orthodox-jews-in-talks-over-ritual-after-herpes-cases/23798751/
}}</ref> Proponents maintain that there is no conclusive evidence that links herpes to ''Metzitza'',<ref name="matziv.com">{{REFweb
|title=Is Metzitza bePeh Dangerous?
|first=Daniel S.
|last=Berman
|accessdate=2012-07-09
|format=PDF
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617162008/http://www.matziv.com/pictures/drbermanarticlemetzitzah
}}</ref> and that attempts to limit this practice infringe on religious freedom.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Lawsuit Unites Jewish Groups
|accessdate=2013-01-01
|date=2020-10-24
|publisher=collive.com
|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130102162036/http://collive.com/show_news.rtx?id=22284&hl=metzitza
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|title=City Urges Requiring Consent for Jewish Rite
|accessdate=2013-02-01
|date=2020-06-12
|publisher=nytimes.com
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625012551/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/nyregion/new-york-proposes-consent-waiver-for-circumcision-ritual-associated-with-herpes.html?_r=0
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
|title=Assault on Bris Milah Unites Jewish Communities
|publisher=CrownHeights.info
|date=2012-10-25
|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140930002154/http://crownheights.info/jewish-news/47779/assault-on-bris-milah-unites-jewish-communities/
}}</ref>

The practice has become a controversy in both secular and [[Jewish medical ethics]]. The ritual of ''metzitzah'' is found in [[Mishnah]] Shabbat 19:2, which lists it as one of the four steps involved in the circumcision rite. Rabbi [[Moses Sofer]] (1762–1839) observed that the Talmud states that the rationale for this part of the ritual was hygienic — i.e., to protect the health of the child. The Chasam Sofer issued a leniency (Heter) that some consider to have been conditional to perform ''metzitzah'' with a sponge to be used instead of oral suction in a letter to his student, Rabbi [[Lazar Horowitz]] of Vienna. This letter was never published among Rabbi Sofer's responsa but rather in the secular journal ''Kochvei Yitzchok.''<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Editorial & Opinion
|publisher=The Jewish Week
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073118/http://www.thejewishweek.com/top/editletcontent.php3?artid=4591
}}</ref> along with letters from Dr. Wertheimer, the chief doctor of the Viennese General Hospital. It relates the story that a mohel (who was suspected of transmitting [[herpes]] via metzizah to infants) was checked several times and never found to have signs of the disease and that a ban was requested because of the "possibility of future infections".<ref>{{REFbook
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vbWAAAAMAAJ&q=divine+law+in+human+hands
|title=Divine Law in Human Hands
|isbn=978-9652239808
|last=Katz
|first=Jacob
|date=1998
}}</ref> [[Moshe Schick]] (1807–1879), a student of Moses Sofer, states in his book of Responsa, ''She’eilos u’teshuvos Maharam Schick'' (Orach Chaim 152,) that Moses Sofer gave the ruling in that specific instance only because the mohel refused to step down and had secular Government connections that prevented his removal in favor of another mohel and the Heter may not be applied elsewhere. He also states (''Yoreh Deah'' 244) that the practice is possibly a Sinaitic tradition, i.e., [[Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai]]. Other sources contradict this claim, with copies of Moses Sofer's responsa making no mention of the legal case or of his ruling applying in only one situation. Rather, that responsa makes quite clear that "metzizah" was a health measure and should never be employed where there is a health risk to the infant.<ref>{{REFweb
|website=onthemainline.blogspot.com
|title=The Chasam Sofer's ruling on Metzitzah Be-peh
|date=2020-04-16
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402175402/http://onthemainline.blogspot.com/2012/04/chasam-sofers-ruling-on-metzitzah-be.html
}}</ref>

[[Chaim Hezekiah Medini]], after corresponding with the greatest Jewish sages of the generation, concluded the practice to be [[Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai]] and elaborates on what prompted Moses Sofer to give the above ruling.<ref>Sdei Chemed vol. 8 p. 238</ref> He tells the story that a student of Moses Sofer, [[Lazar Horowitz]], [[Chief Rabbi of Vienna]] at the time and author of the responsa ''Yad Elazer'', needed the ruling because of a governmental attempt to ban circumcision completely if it included ''metztitzah b'peh.'' He therefore asked Sofer to give him permission to do ''brit milah'' without ''metzitzah b’peh.'' When he presented the defense in secular court, his testimony was erroneously recorded to mean that Sofer stated it as a general ruling.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001229/http://dhengah.org/metzitzah4dummies/metzitzah4dummies.htm
|title=Kuntres Hamiliuim
|publisher=Dhengah.org
|accessdate=2012-04-25
}}</ref> The [[Rabbinical Council of America]], (RCA) which claims to be the largest American organization of Orthodox rabbis, published an article by mohel Dr Yehudi Pesach Shields in its summer 1972 issue of Tradition magazine, calling for the abandonment of Metzitzah b'peh.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=The Making of Metzitzah
|publisher=Tradition
|accessdate=2014-05-02
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502221419/http://traditionarchive.org/news/article.cfm?id=103933
}}</ref> Since then the RCA has issued an opinion that advocates methods that do not involve contact between the mohel's mouth and the open wound, such as the use of a sterile syringe, thereby eliminating the risk of infection.<ref name=haaretz/> According to the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]]<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Chief Rabbinate of Israel
|accessdate=2013-04-26
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013130/http://cbci16.b1.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_041F747012AB47F9A57A42BD87D1E8C4.JPG
}}</ref> and the [[Edah HaChareidis]]<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Edah HaChareidis
|accessdate=2013-04-26
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013129/http://cbci16.b2.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_C65A7314BA5E41F0B7EF10BFC75E4195.JPG
}}</ref> ''metzitzah b'peh'' should still be performed.

The practice of ''metzitzah b'peh'' was alleged to pose a serious risk in the transfer of [[herpes]] from [[mohel]]im to eight Israeli infants, one of whom suffered brain damage.<ref name="Gesundheit"/><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Rare Circumcision Ritual Carries Herpes Risk
|publisher=My.webmd.com
|accessdate=2012-04-25
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920215004/http://my.webmd.com/content/article/91/101352.htm?lastselectedguid=%7B5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348%7D
}}</ref> When three New York City infants contracted [[herpes]] after ''metzizah b'peh'' by one ''mohel'' and one of them died, New York authorities took out a restraining order against the ''mohel'' requiring use of a sterile glass tube, or pipette.<ref name="Hartog"/><ref name="NewmanNYT">{{REFnews
|first=Andy
|last=Newman
|title=City Questions Circumcision Ritual After Baby Dies
|newspaper=The New York Times
|date=2005-08-26
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515144532/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/nyregion/26circumcise.html?ex=1164344400&en=31f8462c34a55f16&ei=5070
}}</ref> The mohel's attorney argued that the New York Department of Health had not supplied conclusive medical evidence linking his client with the disease.<ref name="NewmanNYT"/><ref name="Lohud">{{REFweb
|title=State offers new guidelines on oral-suction circumcision
|accessdate=2006-06-28
|last=Clarke
|first=Suzan
|date=2006-06-21
|publisher=The Journal News
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706171003/http://www.lohud.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060621%2FNEWS03%2F606210352%2F1197%2FRSS01
}}
</ref> In September 2005, the city withdrew the restraining order and turned the matter over to a rabbinical court.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=City: Brit Case To Bet Din
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|last=Nussbaum Cohen
|first=Debra
|date=2005-09-23
|publisher=The Jewish Week
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073353/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11412
}}</ref> Dr. Thomas Frieden, the Health Commissioner of New York City, wrote, "There exists no reasonable doubt that ‘metzitzah b'peh’ can and has caused neonatal [[herpes]] infection....The Health Department recommends that infants being circumcised not undergo metzitzah b'peh."<ref>{{REFnews
|first=Debra
|last=Nussbaum Cohen
|title=Controversy rages in New York over circumcision practice
|publisher=The Jewish Ledger
|date=2006-02-23
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060429154742/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2006/02/23/news/news02.txt
}}</ref> In May 2006, the Department of Health for New York State issued a protocol for the performance of metzitzah b'peh.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Circumcision Protocol Regarding the Prevention of Neonatal Herpes Transmission
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|date=2006-11
|publisher=Department of Health, New York State
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205033348/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/circumcision_protocol.htm
|quote=The person performing metzizah b'peh must do the following: Wipe around the outside of the mouth thoroughly, including the labial folds at the corners, with a sterile alcohol wipe, and then discard in a safe place. Wash hands with soap and hot water for 2-6 minutes. Within 5 minutes before metzizah b'peh, rinse mouth thoroughly with a mouthwash containing greater than 25% alcohol (for example, Listerine) and hold the rinse in mouth for 30 seconds or more before discarding it.
}}</ref> Dr. [[Antonia Novello|Antonia C. Novello]], Commissioner of Health for New York State, together with a board of rabbis and doctors, worked, she said, to "allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health."<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Dear Rabbi Letter
|accessdate=2006-11-23
|last=Novello
|first=Antonia C.
|date=2006-05-08
|publisher=Department of Health, New York State
|quote=The meetings have been extremely helpful to me in understanding the importance of metzizah b'peh to the continuity of Jewish ritual practice, how the procedure is performed, and how we might allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health. I want to reiterate that the welfare of the children of your community is our common goal and that it is not our intent to prohibit metzizah b'peh after circumcision, rather our intent is to suggest measures that would reduce the risk of harm, if there is any, for future circumcisions where metzizah b'peh is the customary procedure and the possibility of an infected mohel may not be ruled out. I know that successful solutions can and will be based on our mutual trust and cooperation.
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218224659/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/2006-05-08_letter_to_rabbis.htm
}}</ref> Later in New York City in 2012 a 2-week-old baby died of [[herpes]] because of metzitzah b'peh.<ref>{{REFweb
|title=Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision By Orthodox Jews
|author=Susan Donaldson James
|date=2012-03-12
|website=abcnews.go.com
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419065328/http://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618
}}</ref>

In three medical papers done in Israel, Canada, and the US, oral suction following circumcision was suggested as a cause in 11 cases of neonatal [[herpes]].<ref name="Gesundheit"/><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rubin
|first=L.G.
|last2=Lanzkowsky
|first2=P.
|title=Cutaneous neonatal herpes simplex infection associated with ritual circumcision
|journal=Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal
|date=2000
|volume=19
|issue=3
|pages=266–67
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Distel
|first=R.
|last2=Hofer
|first2=V.
|last3=Bogger-Goren
|first3=S.
|last4=Shalit
|first4=I.
|last5=Garty
|first5=B.Z.
|title=Primary genital herpes simplex infection associated with Jewish ritual circumcision
|journal=Israel Medical Association Journal
|date=2003-12
|volume=5
|issue=12
|pages=893-894
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021093342/http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03dec-14.pdf
|format=PDF
}}</ref> Researchers noted that prior to 1997, neonatal [[herpes]] reports in Israel were rare, and that the late incidences were correlated with the mothers carrying the virus themselves.<ref name="Gesundheit"/> Rabbi Doctor [[Mordechai Halperin]] implicates the "better hygiene and living conditions that prevail among the younger generation", which lowered to 60% the rate of young Israeli Chareidi mothers who carry the virus. He explains that an "absence of antibodies in the mothers’ blood means that their newborn sons received no such antibodies through the placenta, and therefore are vulnerable to infection by HSV-1."<ref name="Halperin">{{REFjournal
|first=Mordechai
|last=Halperin
|author-link=Mordechai Halperin
|translator-first=Yocheved
|translator-last=Lavon
|title=Metzitzah B'peh Controversy: The View from Israel
|journal=Jewish Action
|volume=67
|issue=2
|pages=25, 33–39
|date=2006-12
|accessdate=2007-02-15
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306221308/http://www.ou.org/jewish_action/article/8987
|quote = The mohel brings the baby’s organ into his mouth immediately after the excision of the foreskin and sucks blood from it vigorously. This action lowers the internal pressure in the tissues of the organ, in the blood vessels of the head of the organ and in the exposed ends of the arterioles that have just been cut. Thus, the difference between the pressure in the blood vessels in the base of the organ and the pressure in the blood vessels at its tip is increased. This requirement has deep religious significance as well as medical benefits....Immediately after incising or injuring an artery, the arterial walls contract and obstruct, or at least reduce, the flow of blood. Since the arterioles of the orlah, or the foreskin, branch off from the dorsal arteries (the arteries of the upper side of the organ), cutting away the foreskin can result in a temporary obstruction in these dorsal arteries. This temporary obstruction, caused by arterial muscle contraction, continues to develop into a more enduring blockage as the stationary blood begins to clot. The tragic result can be severe hypoxia (deprivation of the supply of blood and oxygen) of the glans penis.28 If the arterial obstruction becomes more permanent, gangrene follows; the baby may lose his glans, and it may even become a life-threatening situation. Such cases have been known to occur. Only by immediately clearing the blockage can one prevent such clotting from happening. Performing metzitzah immediately after circumcision lowers the internal pressure within the tissues and blood vessels of the glans, thus raising the pressure gradient between the blood vessels at the base of the organ and the blood vessels at its distal end—the glans as well as the excised arterioles of the foreskin, which branch off of the dorsal arteries. This increase in pressure gradient (by a factor of four to six!) can resolve an acute temporary blockage and restore blood flow to the glans, thus significantly reducing both the danger of immediate, acute hypoxia and the danger of developing a permanent obstruction by means of coagulation. How do we know when a temporary blockage has successfully been averted? When the “blood in the further reaches [i.e., the proximal dorsal artery] is extracted,” as Rambam has stated.
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Mohel]]

{{REF}}

[[Kategorie:Beschneidungsbegriffe]]
[[Kategorie:Jüdisch]]
[[Kategorie:Judentum]]
[[Kategorie:Religion]]

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