https://de.intactiwiki.org/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&feed=atom&action=historyKategorie:Viktorianischer Arzt - Versionsgeschichte2024-03-29T12:02:19ZVersionsgeschichte dieser Seite in IntactiWikiMediaWiki 1.32.2https://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=8564&oldid=prevWikiAdmin: adjust category2022-04-29T22:18:32Z<p>adjust category</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="de">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 29. April 2022, 22:18 Uhr</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l55" >Zeile 55:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 55:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kategorien</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kategorie</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[en:Category:Victorian doctor]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[en:Category:Victorian doctor]]</div></td></tr>
</table>WikiAdminhttps://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=6719&oldid=prevWikiAdmin am 1. April 2020 um 08:28 Uhr2020-04-01T08:28:22Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="de">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 1. April 2020, 08:28 Uhr</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l55" >Zeile 55:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 55:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Kategorie:Person]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[en:Category:Victorian <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doctors</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[en:Category:Victorian <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doctor</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
</table>WikiAdminhttps://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=6228&oldid=prevWikiAdmin: WikiAdmin verschob die Seite Kategorie:Viktorianische Ärzte nach Kategorie:Viktorianischer Arzt: using singular category name2020-03-29T09:51:15Z<p>WikiAdmin verschob die Seite <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianische_%C3%84rzte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorie:Viktorianische Ärzte (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Kategorie:Viktorianische Ärzte</a> nach <a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt" title="Kategorie:Viktorianischer Arzt">Kategorie:Viktorianischer Arzt</a>: using singular category name</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<tr class="diff-title" lang="de">
<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td>
<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 29. März 2020, 09:51 Uhr</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-notice" lang="de"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(kein Unterschied)</div>
</td></tr></table>WikiAdminhttps://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=6134&oldid=prevWikiAdmin am 28. März 2020 um 10:18 Uhr2020-03-28T10:18:40Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="de">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 28. März 2020, 10:18 Uhr</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l49" >Zeile 49:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 49:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Weiterführende Informationen ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Weiterführende Informationen ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://sites.google.com/site/completebaby/medicalization Zeitstrahl: Medikalisierung der Beschneidung]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://sites.google.com/site/completebaby/medicalization Zeitstrahl: Medikalisierung der Beschneidung]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://coldhardlook.com/history/ Cold Hard Look: Geschichte der Beschneidung]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://coldhardlook.com/history/ Cold Hard Look: Geschichte der Beschneidung]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l56" >Zeile 56:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 55:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Personen</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Person</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[en:Category:Victorian doctors]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[en:Category:Victorian doctors]]</div></td></tr>
</table>WikiAdminhttps://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=5461&oldid=prevWikiAdmin am 20. Januar 2020 um 21:21 Uhr2020-01-20T21:21:07Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="de">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 20. Januar 2020, 21:21 Uhr</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Zeile 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{NYT en}}</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Historisch gesehen wurde die Beschneidung von Neugeborenen im späten viktorianischen Zeitalter </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">den englischsprachigen Teilen Kanadas</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Australiens</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Neuseelands</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">der Vereinigten Staaten und des Vereinigten Königreichs gefördert und </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">der ersten Hälfte des 20</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Jahrhunderts </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diesen Ländern weitgehend praktiziert. In Großbritannien ging die Praxis nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg jedoch stark zurück</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">etwas später </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kanada</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Australien und Neuseeland</ins>. In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Südkorea war die Beschneidung vor der Gründung der US-amerikanischen Treuhänderschaft im Jahr </ins>1945 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">weitgehend unbekannt</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Historically, neonatal circumcision was promoted during late Victorian times </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the English-speaking parts of Canada</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Australia</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New Zealand</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the United States and the United Kingdom and was widely practiced during the first part of the 20th century </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these countries</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, the practice declined sharply </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the United Kingdom after the Second World War</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and somewhat later </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Canada</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Australia and New Zealand</del>. In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">South Korea, circumcision was largely unknown before the establishment of the United States trusteeship in </del>1945. </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male circumcision to prevent masturbation </del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Männliche Beschneidung, um Selbstbefriedigung zu verhindern </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Non-religious circumcision </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">English-speaking countries arose in a climate of negative attitudes towards sex, especially concerning masturbation</del>. In <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">her </del>1978 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">article ''The </del>Ritual <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Circumcision'',<ref name=Paige78/> Karen Erickson Paige writes: "In the United States, the current medical rationale for circumcision developed ''after'' the operation was in wide practice. The original reason for the surgical removal of the foreskin, or prepuce, was to control 'masturbatory insanity' – the range of mental disorders that people believed were caused by the 'polluting' practice of 'self-abuse.'"</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Die nichtreligiöse Beschneidung im englischsprachigen Raum war geprägt von negativen Einstellungen zum Sex, insbesondere </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bezug auf Masturbation</ins>. In <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ihrem </ins>1978 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">erschienenen Artikel "Das </ins>Ritual <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">der Beschneidung</ins>"<ref name=Paige78>{{REFjournal</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Self-abuse" was a term commonly used to describe masturbation in the 19th century. According to Paige, "treatments ranged from diet, moral exhortations, hydrotherapy, and marriage, to such drastic measures as surgery, physical restraints, frights, and punishment. Some doctors recommended covering the penis with plaster of Paris, leather, or rubber; cauterization; making boys wear chastity belts or spiked rings; and in extreme cases, castration.</del>" <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Paige details how circumcision became popular as a masturbation remedy:</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:"In the 1890s, it became a popular technique to prevent, or cure, masturbatory insanity. In 1891 the president of the Royal College of Surgeons of England published ''On Circumcision as Preventive of Masturbation,'' and two years later another British doctor wrote ''Circumcision: Its Advantages and How to Perform It,'' which listed the reasons for removing the 'vestigial' prepuce. Evidently the foreskin could cause 'nocturnal incontinence,' hysteria, epilepsy, and irritation that might 'give rise to erotic stimulation and, consequently, masturbation.' Another physician, [http://sandiegohistory.org/bio/remondino/remondino.htm P.C. Remondino], added that 'circumcision is like a substantial and well-secured life annuity...it insures better health, greater capacity for labor, longer life, less nervousness, sickness, loss of time, and less doctor bills.' No wonder it became a popular remedy."<ref name=Paige78/></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">At the same time circumcisions were advocated on men, clitoridectomies (removal of the clitoris) were also performed for the same reason (to treat female masturbators). The US "Orificial Surgery Society" for female "circumcision" operated until 1925, and clitoridectomies and infibulations would continue to be advocated by some through the 1930s. As late as 1936, L. E. Holt, an author of pediatric textbooks, advocated male and female circumcision as a treatment for masturbation.</del><ref name=Paige78>{{REFjournal</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last=Paige</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last=Paige</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |first=K.E.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |first=K.E.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l23" >Zeile 23:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 16:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |quote=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |quote=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |accessdate=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |accessdate=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">> schreibt Karen Erickson Paige: "In den Vereinigten Staaten entwickelte sich die derzeitige medizinische Begründung für die Beschneidung, ''nachdem'' die Operation weit verbreitet war. Der ursprüngliche Grund für die chirurgische Entfernung der Vorhaut war die Bekämpfung des „Masturbations-Wahnsinns“ - womit eine Reihe psychischer Störungen gemeint war, von denen die Menschen glaubten, dass sie durch die „beschmutzende“ Praxis des „Selbstmissbrauchs“ verursacht wurden."</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Selbstmissbrauch" war ein Begriff, der allgemein verwendet wurde, um Masturbation im 19. Jahrhundert zu beschreiben. Laut Paige "reichten die Behandlungen von Diät, moralischen Ermahnungen, Hydrotherapie und Heirat bis zu so drastischen Maßnahmen wie Operationen, körperlichen Einschränkungen, Schrecken und Bestrafung. Einige Ärzte empfahlen, den Penis mit Gips, Leder oder Gummi zu bedecken; Jungen sollten Keuschheitsgürtel oder Stachelringe tragen; und im Extremfall Kastration". Paige beschreibt, wie die Beschneidung als Masturbationsmittel populär wurde:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: "In den 1890er Jahren wurde es zu einer populären Technik, Masturbations-Wahnsinn zu verhindern oder zu heilen. 1891 veröffentlichte der Präsident des Royal College of Surgeons in England "On Circumcision as Preventive of Masturbation", und zwei Jahre später schrieb ein weiterer britischer Arzt: "Beschneidung: Ihre Vorteile und ihre Funktionsweise", in dem die Gründe für die Entfernung der "Restvorhaut" aufgeführt waren. Offensichtlich konnte die Vorhaut "nächtliche Inkontinenz", "Hysterie", "Epilepsie" und "Irritation" hervorrufen, die Anlass zu "erotischer Stimulation und folglich Masturbation" geben könnten. Ein anderer Arzt, [http://sandiegohistory.org/bio/remondino/remondino.htm P.C. Remondino], fügte hinzu, dass "Beschneidung wie eine substanzielle und gut abgesicherte Leibrente ist ... sie sichert eine bessere Gesundheit, größere Arbeitsfähigkeit, längeres Leben, weniger Nervosität, Krankheit, Zeitverlust und weniger Arztrechnungen." Kein Wunder, dass es zu einem beliebten Mittel wurde."<ref name=Paige78/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zur gleichen Zeit, als Beschneidungen bei Männern befürwortet wurden, wurden Kliterektomien (Entfernung der Klitoris) ebenfalls aus dem gleichen Grund durchgeführt (zur Behandlung weiblicher Selbstbefriedigung). Die US-amerikanische "Orificial Surgery Society" für die "Beschneidung" von Frauen bestand bis 1925, und Klitorisentfernungen und Infibulationen wurden von einigen in den 1930er Jahren weiterhin befürwortet. Noch 1936 befürwortete L. E. Holt, ein Autor pädiatrischer Lehrbücher, die Beschneidung von Männern und Frauen zur Behandlung von Masturbation.<ref name=Paige78/</ins>></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">One of the leading advocates of circumcision was </del>[[John Harvey Kellogg]]. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He advocated the consumption of </del>Kellogg's <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">corn flakes to prevent masturbation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and he believed that circumcision would be an effective way to eliminate masturbation in males</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Einer der führenden Befürworter der Beschneidung war </ins>[[John Harvey Kellogg]]. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Er befürwortete den Verzehr von </ins>Kellogg's <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cornflakes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">um Masturbation zu verhindern, und er glaubte, dass die Beschneidung ein wirksamer Weg wäre, Masturbation bei Männern zu beseitigen</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Covering the organs with a cage has been practiced with entire success</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">especially when there is any degree of phimosis</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">especially if it be connected with the idea of punishment</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as it may well be in some cases</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The soreness which continues for several weeks interrupts the practice</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and if it had not previously become too firmly fixed</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it may be forgotten and not resumed</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">If any attempt is made to watch the child</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">he should be so carefully surrounded by vigilance that he cannot possibly transgress without detection. If he is only partially watched</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">he soon learns to elude observation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and thus the effect is only to make him cunning </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his vice</del>."</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>: "<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Das Bedecken der Organe mit einem Käfiggestell wurde mit vollem Erfolg praktiziert</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ein Mittel, das bei kleinen Jungen fast immer Erfolg hat, ist die Beschneidung</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">insbesondere bei einem gewissen Grad an Phimose</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Die Operation sollte von einem Chirurgen ohne Verabreichung eines Anästhetikums durchgeführt werden. Der kurze Schmerz, der bei der Operation auftritt</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hat eine heilsame Wirkung auf den Geist</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">besonders wenn er mit dem Gedanken der Bestrafung verbunden ist</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wie es manchmal gut sein kann</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wenn versucht wird</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">das Kind zu beobachten, sollte es so sorgfältig von Kontrolle umgeben sein</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dass Übertretungen ohne Entdeckung unmöglich sind</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wenn er nur teilweise beobachtet wird, lernt er bald</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sich der Beobachtung zu entziehen</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">und der Effekt besteht nur darin</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dass er sich </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seinem Laster gewitzter macht</ins>."</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Robert Darby, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">writing in the </del>''Australian Medical Journal'', <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">noted that some 19th</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">century circumcision advocates—and their opponents—believed that the foreskin was sexually sensitive</del>:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Robert Darby, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">der im </ins>''Australian Medical Journal'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">veröffentlichte</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stellte fest, dass einige Verfechter der Beschneidung im 19. Jahrhundert </ins>- <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">und ihre Gegner - glaubten, die Vorhaut sei sexuell empfindlich</ins>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the 19th century the role of the foreskin in erotic sensation was well understood by physicians who wanted to cut it off precisely because they considered it the major factor leading boys to masturbation</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Victorian physician and venereologist </del>William Acton (1814–1875) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">damned it as </del>"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a source of serious mischief</del>", <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and most of his contemporaries concurred</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Both opponents and supporters of circumcision agreed that the significant role the foreskin played in sexual response was the main reason why it should be either left in place or removed</del>. William Hammond, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a </del>Professor <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Mind </del>in New York <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in the late 19th century</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">commented that </del>"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">circumcision</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when performed in early life</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generally lessens the voluptuous sensations of sexual intercourse</del>"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and both he and </del>Acton <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">considered the foreskin necessary for optimal sexual function</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">especially in old age</del>. Jonathan Hutchinson, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">English surgeon and pathologist </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1828–1913</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and many others</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">thought this was the main reason why it should be excised</del>.<ref name="darbymja2003">{{REFjournal</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde die Rolle der Vorhaut bei erotischen Empfindungen von Ärzten gut verstanden, die sie genau deshalb abschneiden wollten, weil sie sie als den Hauptfaktor betrachteten, der Jungen zur Masturbation führte</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Der viktorianische Arzt und Venerologe </ins>William Acton (1814–1875) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">verdammte sie als </ins>"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Quelle ernsthaften Unheils</ins>", <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">und die meisten seiner Zeitgenossen stimmten dem zu</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sowohl die Gegner als auch die Befürworter der Beschneidung waren sich einig, dass die bedeutende Rolle der Vorhaut für sexuelle Reaktionen der Hauptgrund war, warum sie entweder an Ort und Stelle belassen oder entfernt werden sollte</ins>. William Hammond, Professor <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">für Geisteswissenschaften </ins>in New York <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">im späten 19. Jahrhundert, bemerkte</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dass </ins>"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">die Beschneidung</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wenn sie im frühen Leben durchgeführt wird</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">im Allgemeinen die üppigen Empfindungen des Geschlechtsverkehrs verringert</ins>" <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">und er und </ins>Acton <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hielt die Vorhaut für notwendig für eine optimale sexuelle Funktion</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">besonders im Alter</ins>. Jonathan Hutchinson, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ein englischer Chirurg und Pathologe </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1828-1913</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">und viele andere dachten</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dass dies der Hauptgrund war</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">warum sie abgeschnitten werden sollte</ins>.<ref name="darbymja2003">{{REFjournal</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last=Darby</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |last=Darby</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |first=Robert</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |first=Robert</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l37" >Zeile 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 36:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |date=2003</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |date=2003</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |title=Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |title=Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> |trans-title=Medizin-Geschichte und ärztliche Praxis: anhaltende Mythen über die Vorhaut</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> |language=Englisch</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |journal=[[Medical Journal of Australia]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |journal=[[Medical Journal of Australia]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |volume=178</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> |volume=178</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l49" >Zeile 49:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 50:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Weiterführende Informationen ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Weiterführende Informationen ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://sites.google.com/site/completebaby/medicalization <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Medicalization of Circumcision Timeline</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [https://sites.google.com/site/completebaby/medicalization <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zeitstrahl: Medikalisierung der Beschneidung</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://coldhardlook.com/history/ Cold Hard Look: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">History of circumcision</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://coldhardlook.com/history/ Cold Hard Look: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Geschichte der Beschneidung</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.circumstitions.com/Chronology.html <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chronology of the foreskin and circumcision</del>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.circumstitions.com/Chronology.html <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chronologie der Vorhaut und der Beschneidung</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{REF}}</div></td></tr>
</table>WikiAdminhttps://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=5176&oldid=prevWikiAdmin am 21. November 2019 um 21:34 Uhr2019-11-21T21:34:35Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="de">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Nächstältere Version</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Version vom 21. November 2019, 21:34 Uhr</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l59" >Zeile 59:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Zeile 59:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[en:Category:Victorian doctors]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>WikiAdminhttps://de.intactiwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Kategorie:Viktorianischer_Arzt&diff=4880&oldid=prevWikiAdmin: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „{{NYT en}} Historically, neonatal circumcision was promoted during late Victorian times in the English-speaking parts of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Un…“2019-11-12T21:29:12Z<p>Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: „{{NYT en}} Historically, neonatal circumcision was promoted during late Victorian times in the English-speaking parts of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Un…“</p>
<p><b>Neue Seite</b></p><div>{{NYT en}}<br />
Historically, neonatal circumcision was promoted during late Victorian times in the English-speaking parts of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom and was widely practiced during the first part of the 20th century in these countries. However, the practice declined sharply in the United Kingdom after the Second World War, and somewhat later in Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In South Korea, circumcision was largely unknown before the establishment of the United States trusteeship in 1945. <br />
<br />
== Male circumcision to prevent masturbation ==<br />
<br />
Non-religious circumcision in English-speaking countries arose in a climate of negative attitudes towards sex, especially concerning masturbation. In her 1978 article ''The Ritual of Circumcision'',<ref name=Paige78/> Karen Erickson Paige writes: "In the United States, the current medical rationale for circumcision developed ''after'' the operation was in wide practice. The original reason for the surgical removal of the foreskin, or prepuce, was to control 'masturbatory insanity' – the range of mental disorders that people believed were caused by the 'polluting' practice of 'self-abuse.'"<br />
<br />
"Self-abuse" was a term commonly used to describe masturbation in the 19th century. According to Paige, "treatments ranged from diet, moral exhortations, hydrotherapy, and marriage, to such drastic measures as surgery, physical restraints, frights, and punishment. Some doctors recommended covering the penis with plaster of Paris, leather, or rubber; cauterization; making boys wear chastity belts or spiked rings; and in extreme cases, castration." Paige details how circumcision became popular as a masturbation remedy:<br />
<br />
:"In the 1890s, it became a popular technique to prevent, or cure, masturbatory insanity. In 1891 the president of the Royal College of Surgeons of England published ''On Circumcision as Preventive of Masturbation,'' and two years later another British doctor wrote ''Circumcision: Its Advantages and How to Perform It,'' which listed the reasons for removing the 'vestigial' prepuce. Evidently the foreskin could cause 'nocturnal incontinence,' hysteria, epilepsy, and irritation that might 'give rise to erotic stimulation and, consequently, masturbation.' Another physician, [http://sandiegohistory.org/bio/remondino/remondino.htm P.C. Remondino], added that 'circumcision is like a substantial and well-secured life annuity...it insures better health, greater capacity for labor, longer life, less nervousness, sickness, loss of time, and less doctor bills.' No wonder it became a popular remedy."<ref name=Paige78/><br />
<br />
At the same time circumcisions were advocated on men, clitoridectomies (removal of the clitoris) were also performed for the same reason (to treat female masturbators). The US "Orificial Surgery Society" for female "circumcision" operated until 1925, and clitoridectomies and infibulations would continue to be advocated by some through the 1930s. As late as 1936, L. E. Holt, an author of pediatric textbooks, advocated male and female circumcision as a treatment for masturbation.<ref name=Paige78>{{REFjournal<br />
|last=Paige<br />
|first=K.E.<br />
|coauthors=<br />
|date=1978-05<br />
|title=The Ritual of Circumcision<br />
|journal=Human Nature<br />
|volume=<br />
|issue=<br />
|pages=40-48<br />
|url=http://www.noharmm.org/paige.htm<br />
|quote=<br />
|accessdate=<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the leading advocates of circumcision was [[John Harvey Kellogg]]. He advocated the consumption of Kellogg's corn flakes to prevent masturbation, and he believed that circumcision would be an effective way to eliminate masturbation in males.<br />
<br />
:"Covering the organs with a cage has been practiced with entire success. A remedy which is almost always successful in small boys is circumcision, especially when there is any degree of phimosis. The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic, as the brief pain attending the operation will have a salutary effect upon the mind, especially if it be connected with the idea of punishment, as it may well be in some cases. The soreness which continues for several weeks interrupts the practice, and if it had not previously become too firmly fixed, it may be forgotten and not resumed. If any attempt is made to watch the child, he should be so carefully surrounded by vigilance that he cannot possibly transgress without detection. If he is only partially watched, he soon learns to elude observation, and thus the effect is only to make him cunning in his vice."<br />
<br />
Robert Darby, writing in the ''Australian Medical Journal'', noted that some 19th-century circumcision advocates—and their opponents—believed that the foreskin was sexually sensitive:<br />
<br />
:In the 19th century the role of the foreskin in erotic sensation was well understood by physicians who wanted to cut it off precisely because they considered it the major factor leading boys to masturbation. The Victorian physician and venereologist William Acton (1814–1875) damned it as "a source of serious mischief", and most of his contemporaries concurred. Both opponents and supporters of circumcision agreed that the significant role the foreskin played in sexual response was the main reason why it should be either left in place or removed. William Hammond, a Professor of Mind in New York in the late 19th century, commented that "circumcision, when performed in early life, generally lessens the voluptuous sensations of sexual intercourse", and both he and Acton considered the foreskin necessary for optimal sexual function, especially in old age. Jonathan Hutchinson, English surgeon and pathologist (1828–1913), and many others, thought this was the main reason why it should be excised.<ref name="darbymja2003">{{REFjournal<br />
|last=Darby<br />
|first=Robert<br />
|coauthors=<br />
|date=2003<br />
|title=Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin<br />
|journal=[[Medical Journal of Australia]]<br />
|volume=178<br />
|issue=4<br />
|pages=178-179<br />
|url=http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_04_170203/dar10676_fm.html<br />
|quote=<br />
|accessdate=<br />
|pubmedID=12580747<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Weiterführende Informationen ==<br />
<br />
* [https://sites.google.com/site/completebaby/medicalization Medicalization of Circumcision Timeline]<br />
* [http://coldhardlook.com/history/ Cold Hard Look: History of circumcision]<br />
* [http://www.circumstitions.com/Chronology.html Chronology of the foreskin and circumcision]<br />
<br />
{{REF}}<br />
<br />
[[Kategorie:Personen]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Von IntactWiki]]<br />
<br />
[[Kategorie:IntactWiki-Kategorien]]</div>WikiAdmin