Stillen - Versionsgeschichte

WikiAdmin: reformatted old REFs

2025-03-06T11:15:49Z

reformatted old REFs

@@ Zeile 137: / Zeile 137: @@
 Die [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] berichtete, dass Stillen im Vergleich zur Flaschenernährung das Risiko für [[Plötzlicher Kindstod|plötzlichen Kindstod]], Säuglings- und Neugeborenensterblichkeit, Infektionen der unteren Atemwege, schweren oder anhaltenden Durchfall, Mittelohrentzündung, Asthma, Ekzeme, Morbus Crohn, Colitis, Fettleibigkeit bei Kindern und Erwachsenen, Diabetes und Leukämie senkt.<ref name="aap2022"/>
-Im Säuglingsalter werden einfache Zucker in der Muttermilch, wie antibakterielle Oligosaccharide, aus der Muttermilch aufgenommen und über den Urin ausgeschieden. Universitätsstudien haben gezeigt, dass diese Substanzen an der Schleimhaut der inneren Vorhaut haften und vor Harnwegsinfektionen<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. ''Biology of Human Milk''. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref> als auch vor [[Infektion]]en in anderen Körperteilen schützen.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref> Babys scheiden täglich etwa 300 bis 500 Milligramm Oligosaccharide mit dem Urin aus. Diese Verbindungen verhindern, dass sich virulente Stämme von Escherichia coli an der Schleimhaut des gesamten Harntrakts festsetzen, einschließlich der Vorhaut und der Eichel. Aus diesen Gründen ist Muttermilch sehr wirksam bei der Vorbeugung von Harnwegsinfektionen.<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12.</ref> Strenge Studien haben wiederholt gezeigt, dass Stillen vor Harnwegsinfektionen schützt.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref><ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:87-89.</ref>
+Im Säuglingsalter werden einfache Zucker in der Muttermilch, wie antibakterielle Oligosaccharide, aus der Muttermilch aufgenommen und über den Urin ausgeschieden. Universitätsstudien haben gezeigt, dass diese Substanzen an der Schleimhaut der inneren Vorhaut haften und vor Harnwegsinfektionen<ref>{{REFbook
 == Kontraindikationen für das Stillen ==

WikiAdmin: adjustment

2025-03-06T11:04:02Z

adjustment

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 6. März 2025, 11:04 Uhr
Zeile 1:		Zeile 1:
	[[~~File~~:Breastfeeding.jpg\|thumb\|Stillen eines Neugeborenen an der durch die Milchbildung geschwollenen Mutterbrust. Der Säugling wird so gehalten, dass er weiterhin durch die Nase atmen kann.]]		[[Datei:Breastfeeding.jpg\|thumb\|Stillen eines Neugeborenen an der durch die Milchbildung geschwollenen Mutterbrust. Der Säugling wird so gehalten, dass er weiterhin durch die Nase atmen kann.]]
	'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' und Muttermilch sind laut der [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] und der [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] die normativen Standards für die Ernährung und Ernährung von Säuglingen in den ersten sechs Lebensmonaten.<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal		'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' und Muttermilch sind laut der [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] und der [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] die normativen Standards für die Ernährung und Ernährung von Säuglingen in den ersten sechs Lebensmonaten.<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Critch		\|last=Critch

WikiAdmin: added WP image

2025-03-06T10:59:43Z

added WP image

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 6. März 2025, 10:59 Uhr
Zeile 1:		Zeile 1:
			[[File:Breastfeeding.jpg\|thumb\|Stillen eines Neugeborenen an der durch die Milchbildung geschwollenen Mutterbrust. Der Säugling wird so gehalten, dass er weiterhin durch die Nase atmen kann.]]
	'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' und Muttermilch sind laut der [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] und der [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] die normativen Standards für die Ernährung und Ernährung von Säuglingen in den ersten sechs Lebensmonaten.<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal		'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' und Muttermilch sind laut der [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] und der [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] die normativen Standards für die Ernährung und Ernährung von Säuglingen in den ersten sechs Lebensmonaten.<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Critch		\|last=Critch

WikiAdmin: translated from English

2025-03-06T10:52:24Z

translated from English

Änderungen zeigen

WikiAdmin: created from English page; NYT

2025-03-04T16:43:25Z

created from English page; NYT

Neue Seite

{{NYT en}}
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition for the first six months of life according to the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref name="cps2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Critch
|first=
|init=JM
|author-link=
|etal=No
|title=Nutrition for healthy term infants, birth to six months: An overview
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Paediatr Child Health
|location=
|date=2013-04
|volume=18
|issue=4
|article=
|pages=206-7
|url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/nutrition-healthy-term-infants-overview
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=24421691
|pubmedCID=3805625
|DOI=10.1093/pch/18.4.206
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}</ref><ref name="aap2022">{{REFjournal
|last=Meek
|first=
|init=JY
|author-link=
|last2=Meek
|first2=
|init2=L
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2022-07
|volume=150
|issue=1
|article=
|page=e2022057988
|pages=
|url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/1/e2022057988/188347/Policy-Statement-Breastfeeding-and-the-Use-of?searchresult=1
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=35921640
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.2022-057988
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}</ref> Human milk should be the sole source of nutrition for the first six months, however the [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (2013) and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (2022) recommended supplementation with Vitamin D.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/> Complementary foods are introduced at about six months of age, but breastfeeding should continue.<ref name="cps2013"/><ref name="aap2022"/>

The [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] recommend recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life — meaning no other foods or liquids are provided, including water. Infants should be breastfed on demand — that is as often as the child wants, day and night. No bottles, teats or pacifiers should be used. From the age of 6 months, children should begin eating safe and adequate complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed for up to 2 years and beyond.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_2
|title=Breastfeeding
|publisher=[[WHO]]
|accessdate=2022-12-08
}}</ref>

Tan et al. (2019) reported:
<blockquote>
Early circumcision, within the first 3 days of life, may have a negative effect on the duration of breastfeeding. In our study, circumcised male infants had more than 4 fewer weeks of breastfeeding than their sibling controls. It may be beneficial to delay circumcision till after breastfeeding is properly established.<ref name="tan2024">{{REFjournal
|last=Tan
|first=
|init=A
|author-link=
|last2=Noble
|first2=
|init2=L
|author2-link=
|last3=Jain
|first3=
|init3=S
|author3-link=
|last4=Shajan
|first4=
|init4=A
|author4-link=
|last5=Craik
|first5=
|init5=D
|author5-link=
|etal=no
|title=The Effect of Early Circumcision on Breastfeeding Duration Using Sibling Comparisons
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2019-08
|volume=144
|issue=2
|article=2_MeetingAbstract): 273
|pages=
|url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/144/2_MeetingAbstract/273/3356/The-Effect-of-Early-Circumcision-on-Breastfeeding
|archived=
|quote=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.144.2MA3.273
|accessdate=2024-07-21
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that more than 80 percent of American mothers breastfeed, which makes breastfeeding the cultural norm in the [[United States]].<ref name="aap2022"/>

== Benefits of breastfeeding ==
The advahtages of breastfeeding have long been known. [[James Calvert Spence]] (1938) reported the benefits to the health and welfare of the infant.<ref name="spence1938">{{REFjournal
|last=Spence
|first=
|init=JC
|author-link=James Calvert Spence
|etal=no
|title=The modern decline of breastfeeding
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Br Med J
|location=
|date=1938-10-08
|volume=2
|issue=4057
|pages=729-33
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2210420/pdf/brmedj04218-0002.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=20781788
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1136/bmj.2.4057.729
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-03-26
}}</ref>

The Canadian Paediatric Society reported that breastfeeding is associated with "improved cognitive development."<ref name="cps2013" />

The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />

In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. ''Biology of Human Milk''. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12.</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref> <ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:87-89.</ref>

== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
There are certain conditions that contraindicate breastfeeding. The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] provides a discussion of contraindications.<ref name="aap2022"/>

== Video ==
=== Why is breastfeeding important? ===
<youtube>v=yt2pMQjzP50</youtube>

== Circumcision impairs commencement of breastfeeding ==
Neonatal [[circumcision]] is a medically unnecessary, non-therapeutic, intensely [[Pain| painful]] surgery that is carried out just at the time when breastfeeding is being commenced. Circumcision causes extreme [[pain]], [[trauma]], and [[shock]], and disturbs feeding behavior.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health; Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
|etal=no
|title=The Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents (0793)
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2002-09
|season=
|volume=108
|issue=3
|article=
|page=
|pages=793-7
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/re9933/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11533354
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.108.3.793
|accessdate=2022-12-08
}}</ref> The newborn infant boy is left in a debilitated state in which he may be unable to initiate breastfeeding,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Lee
|first=
|init=N
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Breastfeeding
|journal=J Hum Lact
|date=2000
|volume=16
|issue=4
|article=
|page=295
|pages=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/lee1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=15675048
|accessdate=2022-12-07
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Caplan
|first=
|init=L
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision and Breastfeeding: A Response to Nikki Lee's Letter
|journal=J Hum Lact
|location=
|date=2001
|volume=17
|issue=1
|article=
|page=7
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/caplan1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11847856
|accessdate=2022-12-07
}}</ref> which frequently results in the substution of formula feeding to the detriment of a boy's health.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|first=
|init=G
|author-link=George Hill
|etal=no
|title=Breastfeeding must be given priority over circumcision
|journal=J Hum Lact
|location=
|date=2003-02
|volume=19
|issue=1
|page=21
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/hill1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=12587640
|accessdate=2022-12-07
}}</ref>

Parents are reminded that [[circumcision]] has no proven health benefit, produces significant [[trauma]],<ref name="agoglu2022">{{REFjournal
|last=Aydoğlu
|first=
|init=B
|author-link=
|last2=Aydoğlu
|first2=
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|last3=Okur
|first3=
|init3=MH
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Social and psychological effects of circumcision: A narrative review
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Journal of Applied Nursing and Health
|location=
|date=2022-12
|volume=4
|issue=2
|pages=264-71
|url=https://janh.candle.or.id/index.php/janh/article/view/110/138
|archived=
|quote=
||DOI=10.55018/janh.v4i2.110
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-12-16
}}</ref> and is not recommended by any medical society in the world, while breastfeeding has numerous health benefits and is recommended world-wide.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]
* [[La Leche League International]]
* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/birth/leaven1/
|title=Breastfeeding Problems After Circumcision
|publisher=La Leche League
|date=1994-09
|accessdate=2022-12-09
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.kidshealth.org.nz/good-latch-key-successful-breastfeeding
|title=A Good Latch Is The Key To Successful Breastfeeding
|publisher=KidsHealth of New Zealand
|date=2022-05-30
|accessdate=2023-02-25
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/breastfeeding
|title=Breastfeeding
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Caring for Kids
|date=2020-08
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.savingsons.org/2016/08/breastfeeding-and-circumcision-resources.html
|title=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
|publisher=Breastfeeding and Circumcision Resources
|date=2022
|publisher=Saving Our Sons
|accessdate=2024-09-04
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/default.aspx
|title=Breastfeeding
|last=
|first=
|init=
|publisher=healthychildren.org
|date=2022
|accessdate=2022-12-06
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.yourwholebaby.org/search?q=breastfeeding
|title=Breastfeeding Index
|publisher=Your Whole Baby
|date=
|accessdate=2022-12-11
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.drmomma.org/2020/09/babys-breastfeeding-pattern.html
|title=Baby's Breastfeeding Pattern
|publisher=Peaceful Parenting
|date=
|accessdate=2022-12-11
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/19713609/Breastfeeding_Interference_from_Circumcision
|title=Breastfeeding Interference from Circumcision
|last=Bollinger
|first=
|init=D
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2015-12-17
|accessdate=2024-08-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-impact-early-bonding-between-mother-child/
|title=How Circumcision Affects the Early Bonding Process Between Mother and Child
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-01-26
|accessdate=2025-01-28
}}
{{REF}}

[[Category:American Academy of Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Breastfeeding]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Parental information]]

[[en:Breastfeeding]]